Kodi dongosolo dzuwa. Mabwinja a dongosolo la zowalitsa. mapulaneti atsopano a dongosolo la zowalitsa

Kodi dongosolo dzuwa? Ichi ndi nyumba yathu wamba. Kodi zigwirizana? Kodi ndi pamene unakhazikitsidwa? Aliyense ndi kofunika kudziwa zambiri za ngodya ya Way limene tikukhalali.

Kuchokera apamwamba ku chotsikitsitsa

Phunziro "dongosolo dzuwa" ayenera kuyamba ndi chakuti yamasika mbali ya chilengedwe chonse ndiponso chosaneneka. The lonse la maganizo a anthu kuzindikira izo. The mphamvu telesikopu wathu, zakuya ife kuyang'ana mu mlengalenga, m'pamenenso ife tikuona pali nyenyezi ndi nyenyezi. Malinga ndi mfundo ano chilengedwe ali ndi dongosolo ena. Ndipo tichipeza nyenyezi ndi masango awo. malo dongosolo dzuwa - ndi Way wa Milky Way. Amakhala ndi nyenyezi biliyoni mazana ambiri amene ofanana ndi dzuwa. dziko lathu - ndithu wamba nyenyezi yaing'ono yachikasu. Koma zikomo lalikulu gawo kwa odzichepetsa kukula ndi kutentha khola mu dongosolo lake anatha zamoyo.

zikamera

ziphunzitso zamasiku ano a zikamera a dongosolo dzuwa ndi analandira zogwirizana ndi malingaliro za zamoyo wa chilengedwe chonse. Zikamera wa iye akadali ndi chinsinsi. Pali zitsanzo osiyana chabe masamu. Malinga ambiri a thambo lathu anayambitsa zaka mabiliyoni khumi zapitazo mu Big Bang. Akukhulupirira kuti nyenyezi wathu, zaka 4.7 biliyoni. Zaka zofanana ndi dongosolo dzuwa. akale Kodi iye anasiya moyo? A zaka biliyoni Dzuwa adzapita mu mkombero lotsatira chitukuko ndi kukhala chiphona wofiira. Malinga kuwerengetsera ambiri asayansi, malire chapamwamba mpweya wake udzakhala basi pa mtunda wa mpita dziko lapansi. Ndipo ngati pambuyo pa kuchuluka yaikulu nthawi, anthu adzakhala zilipodi, anthu zingakhale tsoka moona lonse konsekonse. Koma zonsezi zili m'tsogolo. Kodi bwanji masiku ano?

Matupi a dongosolo la zowalitsa

Choncho, poyamba pa zonse, kuti, kumene, nyenyezi wathu. Anthu kuyambira akale anapereka dzina lake ndi otchedwa dzuwa. Maganizo ake amakhala nainte naini ya unyinji wa machitidwe onse. malo amodzi okha kwa mlengalenga, awo makina, zimiyala, asteroids, comets ndi Kuiper lamba thupi. Nanga ndi System Dzuwa? Dzuwa ndi zonse zimene chimazungulira izo. Koma zinthu oyamba.

dzuwa

Monga tanena nyenyezi - ndi limazungulira wathu. Kukula kwa zonyezimira ake. Dzuwa yolemera kuposa dziko lapansi mu nthawi mazana atatu ndi sate sauzande! Ndipo awiri ake ali wamkulu kuposa dziko lapansi kokwana zana limodzi pa naini. The kachulukidwe pafupifupi kwa nkhani dzuwa nthawi 1.4 okha kuposa kachulukidwe ka madzi. Koma zimenezi siziyenera kusokeretsedwa. Ndithudi, mu zigawo chapakati cha nyenyezi kachulukidwe mu nthawi zana ndi makumi asanu wamkulu chifukwa cha mavuto aakulu ndi zochita nyukiliya kuyamba. Apa, a haidrojini kwaiye helium.

Ndiye kumasula mphamvu chifukwa ndi anasamutsidwa convection kwa zigawo lakunja ndi ankakhala moyo wotayirira m'malere. Malinga ndi asayansi, Dzuwa lathu tsopano peresenti makumi asanu wapangidwa ndi hydrogen ndi pafupifupi 25% helium, magulu ena a zosaposa 1%. Mu malo oyamba zikunenedwa kuti dzuwa mu duwa zonse, chifukwa mafuta akadali kwambiri. Kawirikawiri moyo wa nyenyezi kalasi (nyenyezi yaing'ono yachikasu) ndi zaka teni biliyoni. Sitingathe kunena mawu ochepa za kapangidwe ka dzuwa. Pa malo ake ndi pakati chachikulu, kenako chowala zone mphamvu kutengerapo, convection, ndi chromosphere photosphere. Pa gawo lotsiriza pali prominences. Sunspots - woyendera nthambi mu pamwamba pa nyenyezi kumene kutentha kwambiri m'munsi, chifukwa iwo amaoneka akuda. nyenyezi wathu imazungulira padziko nguli ndi masiku twente-faifi Earth. N'kosadabwitsa ndi kukokomeza kunena kuti dziko lonse la dzuwa zimadalira boma la nyenyeziyo. Darkroom akuphunzira njira mmenemo analengedwa ngakhale mu kanjira.

Mercury

Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba dziko thupi, limene ife tidzakomane, kusuntha kwina kwa dzuwa. Ndipo monga chotsatira cha moyandikana pamwamba otentha kwambiri ndipo pafupifupi palibe mpweya. Adzaupereka kwa otchedwa mapulaneti lapansi. makhalidwe awo wamba: ndithu mkulu osalimba, pamaso pa mlengalenga gasi madzi, ochepa nthambi, pamaso pa phata ndi yokhudza kotekisi chofunda. Komabe, monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, zinkakhalira Mercury ndi pafupifupi mosatsata - izo n'kuliza mphepo dzuwa. Kumbukirani kuti amateteza Earth kuchokera amphamvu maginito ndi mtunda. Koma ngakhale izi, envelopu gaseous wa Mercury angathe kuonedwa, tichipeza ayoni zitsulo, amene asanduke nthunzi padziko lapansili. Pali kumeneko (zochepa) mpweya, asafe ndi mpweya inert.

Mercury zikuzungulirira Dzuwa pa kanjira elongated. nthawi yake yozungulira ndi 88 masiku Earth. Koma kuti kutembenuka olamulira a dziko chofunika pafupifupi 59 masiku. Makamaka chifukwa cha Mercury kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu kutentha kwa opanda 183 kuphatikiza 427 ^{0 0} Celsius.

dziko cratered pamwamba, mapiri otsika ndi zigwa. Pali komanso limafotokoza Mercury psinjika (chifukwa kuzirala zitsulo pakati) - mu mawonekedwe a ledges elongated). Asayansi amati pamaso pa ayezi madzi m'madera ena mthunzi wa dziko.

Venus

Wachiwiri mzere Lapansi ngati dziko ndi dzuwa. Mwa kwambiri choposa kukula kwa Mercury, koma pang'ono kakang'ono kuposa Dziko Lapansi onse misa ndi awiri. Makina zilipo. Koma pamaso pa chikhalidwe wandiweyani, omwe pafupifupi mwathunthu amabisa maso athu padziko Venus. Chifukwa cha kutentha pamwamba pace ndi apamwamba pa Mercury: makhalidwe pafupifupi kufika ⁰ 475 Celsius, popanda kusinthasintha kwambiri diurnal. Mbali ina ya mpweya - mphepo yolimba kwambiri pamalo okwera makilomita angapo (mamita zana ndi makumi asanu pa wachiwiri), mphepo izi. Kodi imawachititsa - sizikumveka. mlengalenga imakhala nainte-sikisi ya mpweya. Mpweya ndi madzi nthunzi ndi negligible. Chifukwa popita ku dziko spacecraft angapo, asayansi anali amatha kupeza mapu mwachilungamo mwatsatanetsatane Venus. padziko lathuli lagawidwa zigwa ndi zitunda. awiri kumtunda lalikulu tingaone. Pali zambiri zimakhudza zimaphala.

lapansi

Akukhala padziko lathuli, ife sadzatero, chifukwa icho chiri kwambiri kuphunzira ndi lodziwika bwino kwa owerenga. Koma kodi dongosolo dzuwa popanda lapansi? .. ndiyenera kuti nyumba wathu ndi zinadzala ndi zinsinsi zambiri. Komanso, Earth - ndi dziko dongosolo dzuwa, zomwe chipereka ndi kulemera kwa chimphona mpweya kokha komanso kukhala ndi madzi jekete. yozungulira nthawi mozungulira nyenyezi masiku 365, ndipo mtunda kwa izo - makilomita 150 miliyoni - amatengedwa ngati unit zakuthambo. Kunena ngakhale kuti Lapansi - dzikoli a dongosolo dzuwa, amene ali ndithu kukula mnzake yekha, ndi kupitirira.

Mars

Ndipo tsopano timakumana wofiira dziko - loto la nkhani yopeka ndi thupi lakumwamba limene munthu sichitha kudabwa. Tsopano padziko Mars ukugwira ntchito pa spacecraft. Ndipo zaka khumi pali kale Akakutumiza ndi spacecraft zinakhazikitsa. Nchifukwa chiyani anthu ali ndi chidwi Mars? Inde, chifukwa cha zikhalidwe za dzikoli wapafupi Earth. Akatswiri a sayansi ya m'mbuyomu ambiri amaganiza kuti Mars ali njira madzi ndi zomera. Kufunafuna inawo, poyamba, ali kupitirirabe. Mwina adzakhala dziko loyamba limene munthu amayamba kuphunzira dongosolo dzuwa.

Ndi unyinji wa Mars kawiri kukula kwa Earth. mpweya wake ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo imakhala makamaka mpweya woipa. Wapakati pamwamba kutentha - opanda madigiri 60 Celsius. Komabe, m'madera ena a equator, zikhoza kupita kwa zikande. chaka Martian kumatenga masiku mazana asanu ndi eyite-seveni Earth. Ndipo chifukwa cha kanjira dziko ali ndithu anatambasula, nyengo pa izo ndi zosiyana m'litali. The mitengo yonyamulira ya dziko yokutidwa ndi zisoti woonda ayezi. Mars zimaphala olemera ndi zitunda. Pa dziko wofiira ndi phiri lalitali kwambiri mu dongosolo la zowalitsa - Olympus. kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 12 makilomita. Ndipo Mars ali miyezi iwiri kakang'ono - Phobos ndi Deimos.

lamba asteroid

Malowa ali pamtunda pakati pa zili m'njira ya Mars ndi Jupiter. Ndipotu, izi ndi malo yaikulu kwambiri ndi chidwi. Mmenemo mungapezemo miliyoni malo osiyana, makamaka ang'onoang'ono - mpaka mamita mazana angapo. Koma pali zimphona monga Ceres (m'mimba mwake - 950 km), Vesta kapena palladium. Choyamba, iwo anali kuonedwanso asteroids, koma mu 2006 anazindikira mapulaneti nyenyezi yaing'ono, ngati Pluto. zinthu zonsezi inakhazikitsidwa pa nthawi ya mapangidwe dongosolo la zowalitsa. Mwina asteroids onse - kuti sanakhale dziko chifukwa cha mphamvu ya mapangidwe mofulumira Jupiter. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mabanja a asteroids. Mwa iwo amapangidwa ndi zitsulo zosiyana siyana, kotero kuti m'tsogolo, iwo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani.

Mapulaneti akuluakulu

Mosiyana ndi thupi ili m'mwamba, ngati Lapansi, dziko lapansili dzuŵa kupitirira lamba asteroid, ndi unyinji waukulu kwambiri. Choyamba, ndithudi, Jupiter ndi Saturn. Zimphona izi ndi miyezi zambiri, zomwe zina ngakhale amafanana ndi kukula kwa maplaneti lapansi. Saturn amadziwika mphete, lomwe Ndipotu wapangidwa zinthu zing'onozing'ono zambiri. osalimba a mayiko awa ndi laling'ono kwambiri lapansi. Thunthu la Saturn, ambiri, opepuka kuposa madzi. Pafupifupi Zimphona ndi pakati olimba. m'mlengalenga awo wapangidwa ndi wa hydrogen, helium, amoniya, methane ndi wochepa mpweya wina. The zikuchokera Jupiter ndi Saturn zinthu zambiri zofanana zikuchokera dzuwa wathu.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti amaonedwa nyenyezi unformed. Iwo basi analibe kulemera zokwanira.

N'zoona mpweya zimphona Uranus ndi Neptune tinganene kuti salembedwa okha, chifukwa iwo ali ndi mpweya wamphamvu. Koma, zikuoneka, iwo ali pamwamba zovuta. Ndipo pamene akuyamba wa Jupiter - zovuta kunena. Akukhulupirira kuti pa maziko a dziko lalikulu kwambiri dongosolo la zowalitsa tichipeza wa hydrogen zachitsulo. Pafupifupi onse chimphona zimatulutsa mphamvu mwini (kutentha), ndipo zedi lalikulu kuposa analandira kwa dzuwa. Tonsefe tili ndi mphete ndi miyezi ambiri. atmospheres awo othamanga mphamvu yosaoneka ya mphepo (patsogolo ndi dziko ku Sun, mphamvu).

Lamba Kuiper

Zinali masamba ndithu kwa System Dzuwa. Apa ndi dziko wakale Pluto (mu 2006, izo mosatsata udindo kuti), komanso mofanana ndi thupi lakelo ndi kukula kwa Makemake, Eris, Huamea. Izi otchedwa mapulaneti latsopano mu dongosolo la zowalitsa. Ndipo zikwi, ngati si mamiliyoni matupi zina zing'onozing'ono. Angaoneke ngati kuti ndi Kuiper m'Galimoto si kudzalamulira 100 mayunitsi zakuthambo. Ndi kopanda, masikolala, apa pakubwera yochepa nthawi nyenyezi. Oort kungasokoneze dongosolo dzuwa ikutha. Photo lipoti ku malo awa, n'zotheka ndithu ife posachedwapa kufika spacecraft ndi, "New M'maso".

Ndipo kotero Mwachidule, ife tawonetsa kuti dongosolo dzuwa, ndi zimene zimapanga tichipeza. Tsopano amaphatikizapo mapulaneti asanu akuluakulu, nyenyezi wathu, ndi zinthu zambiri zing'onozing'ono. Komabe, sayansi yamakono mofulumira osauka. Ndipo mwina, mawa tidzatha kudziwa kuti anapeza mapulaneti latsopano mu dongosolo la zowalitsa.