Aristotle monga wasayansi ndi nzeru zapamwamba

Aristotle, monga wasayansi ndi lalikulu Greek nzeru zapamwamba, amadziwika zinthu zambiri: dzina lake pa aliyense milomo munthu. moyo wonse wa chidwi ndi monga ntchito wabweretsa amathandiza kwambiri sayansi.

Bwenzi Mlangizi

Wamkulu wakale Greece dzina Aristotle, mu zamoyo ndi nzeru anasiya zotsalira ndithu, anabadwa mu 384 BC. e. m'tauni Thracian wa Stagira. Mu 368 BC. e., pamene anali wamng'ono kwambiri, iye anapita ku Atene kumene anakhala wophunzira wotsogozedwa Plato Academy. Mu Plato, Aristotle, wasayansi anapeza Mlangizi waluso ndi bwenzi lakale, amene anachita chidwi ndi amene zochita iye anali moyo wake wonse. Iwo kwambiri Zikuvumbulutsidwa mpaka imfa Plato mu 348 kapena 347 BC. e.

Oletsedwa, koma zachilendo ndi chiphunzitso chakuti panthawi ya kukhalapo kwake pa Academy Aristotle anali mdani aliuma wa Plato, anatsutsa mphamvu ya mfundo zake. Ndipotu, Aristotle anali Academy kwa zaka makumi awiri, ndipo n'zokayikitsa izi zingatheke ngati maganizo ake anali osiyana kwambiri ndi maganizo Plato kapena zosiyana kwa Inde ambiri a maganizo ake.

pambuyo Academy

Pambuyo pa imfa ya aphunzitsi, Aristotle anasiya Academy ku Athens, kuti akhazikitse nthambi yake mu mzinda wa Aso mu Asia Minor Trowa. Apa iye anakhazikitsa Kucheza ndi wankhanza m'dera la Henna amene patapita zaka ziwiri mlandu ndikusamvera Aperisiya ndi kuphedwa. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Aristotle chabwerera ku chilumba cha Lesbos, ku mzinda wa mankhwala enaake. Inali nthawi imeneyi Aso ndi enaake, ayamba kutenga mawonekedwe ndi kukhala kunja kwa malingaliro ake aumunthu.

Aristotle ndi dzina lake Aleksandr Veliky

About 343 zaka BC. e. Mfumu Philip wa ku Makedoniya, Aristotle amapereka udindo wa mphunzitsi wa mwana wake, ndi wolowa nyumba a Alexander. Ndi ziphunzitso anzeru a Aristotle ndi mphamvu zikuluzikulu mapangidwe tsogolo mtsogoleri wamkulu. Ndiyamika Alexander monga chizindikiro oyamikira ndi kulemekeza anamanganso adzawonongedwa pa ntchito imene kwawo Philip wa wakeyo Stagira.

sukulu payekha

Pambuyo inalowa mwa Alexander mpando wachifumu Makedonia 336 BC. e. Aristotle anasiya malo a wophunzitsa, ndipo anachoka ku Atene kumene anakhazikitsa sukulu yake - Lyceum (ili pafupi ndi malo opatulika Apollona Likeyskogo, nkhope), amatchedwanso Περίπατος ( «khonde» kumene nkhani). omvera ake ankatchedwa Peripatetics. Aristotle Lyceum anali kufufuza m'dera weniweni. Apa anali laibulale yake, ndi ndodo ya aphunzitsi, nkhani ambiri.

M'chaka cha 323 BC. e. Dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky anafa. Chiwerengero cha Athens, kufuna kuthawa ulamuliro Chimakedoniya anatsutsa Aristotle. Iye anauzidwa kuti achoke ndi kukhazikika mu mzinda wa Halkida mu Evia, kumene anakafa chaka chotsatira.

nthawi kulenga

The sayansi lonse la Aristotle ndi kugawidwa m'mbali zitatu:

1. "Maphunziro" nthawi, nthawi ya kukambirana ndi Plato. Ndiye ife tinalengedwa ndi kukambirana "Evdem" kumene Aristotle monga wasayansi zikugwirizana ndi mfundo za nzeru Plato monga sakumbukira Maganizo, ankaganiza kuti kubadwa ndipo "Protreptics" - kalata Femissu cha Cyprus zimene wolemba ndi kutsatira chiphunzitso Plato wa mitundu, limati moyo weniweni wa moyo lidzayamba pambuyo pa imfa ya thupi. Komanso pa nthawi ino, mwina ntchito wayamba pa "sayansi" ndi "Pa moyo", komanso ena ntchito mfundo zomveka.
2. Nyengo ya moyo Aso ndi mankhwala enaake. Izi pazikhalanso kukambirana "Pa Philosophy", pomwe Aristotle, mu zamoyo panthawiyo anali sizinathe apeza zinthu iliyonse, akuitana Platonism ano chimake cha chitukuko cha nzeru, iye amazitsutsa chiphunzitso cha mtundu uliwonse. Apa Aristotle kale ali ndi lingaliro la Mulungu monga "n'kupuma yaikulu wotsogolera" a dziko. Nthawi imeneyi, iye wakhala akugwira ntchito pa "Metaphysics" ndi "malamulo" kumapatsa "Evdemovu makhalidwe."
3. nthawi kuphunzitsa ndi kafukufuku pansi pa arches wa Lyceum. Nthawi imeneyi, iwo sakufuna kuti Aristotle anapeza pa zaka za moyo wake. Iye anakonza zoti apulumutse pa nzeru za maziko odalirika ndi amphamvu: iye nthawi zonse amakhala osiyanasiyana, maphunziro mwatsatanetsatane m'dera la chikhalidwe ndi mbiri. Pedagogical ntchito (nkhani) pa nthawi ya Aristotle kuteteza zinasindikizidwa mu 60s BC. e. Androniko cha Rhodes. Choncho "Metaphysics" ndi mndandanda wa nkhani kuperekedwa pa Lyceum pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Dzina "metaphysics 'ndiposo malo a ntchito pa mndandanda wa ntchito za Aristotle, chifukwa pambuyo" Physics "(Greek μετα -.« Pambuyo »). Koma zonse zili chomwecho monga ndi akamabadwa m'njira zamakono - ngati "Physics" akukumana ndi mavuto a kukumana ndi gululi, ndi "Metaphysics" anadzipereka ku mfundo yaikulu chimayambitsa. Lokha "Physics", mwachitsanzo, corpus Aristotle odzipereka kwa sayansi zachilengedwe ndi nzeru zachilengedwe imakhudzanso nthawi yachitatu. Iwo mulinso "Pa moyo" - chiphunzitso maganizo a Aristotle, ntchito mwakhama ( "Nicomachean Ethics", "Great Ethics"), malinga ndi ndale ( "Policy"), "apamwamba", "Poetics".

systematization a sayansi

Aristotle monga wasayansi ndi nzeru systematized, nagawira mu mbali zotsatirazi cha nzeru;

1. Ongolankhula Philosophy. Mbidzi kukwaniritsa kudziwa wangwiro, chidziwitso palokha, osati zotsatira zopindulitsa. Ongolankhula Philosophy zikuphatikizapo sayansi (kuphunzira zinthu, kusintha maofesi), masamu (kuphunzira zosasinthika, koma limodzi kwa chuma) ndi metaphysics (amatanthauza wosiyana ndi zinthu, ndi transcendent ndipo anakakonza).
2. Othandiza nzeru. Pamafunikanso sayansi makamaka andale, komanso angapo amalanga kuti Aristotle amakhulupirira wamng'ono ndi wothandiza ndale: zachuma, njira, apamwamba.
3. nzeru ndakatulo. Zikuphatikizapo mwambo ndi aesthetics, zimenezi zimaphatikizapo chiphunzitso Aristotle paluso.

chopereka Aristotle kuti chuma cha chitukuko dziko sangathe kukambapo. Kodi Aristotle anatsegula, mndandanda kungakhale yaitali. Zambiri mfundo zake anasamukira ku nzeru Neo-Plato ndi nzeru akale. Mau amenewa anayamba ndi Aristotle ndi ntchito lero ndi maziko a mawu a nthanthi ya a m'zinenero dziko alipo.