Zakuthambo Clock. Zakuthambo ola - izi ndi zingati?

Time - imodzi yovuta kwambiri ndi kumvetsetsa siyana mu nzeru ndi sayansi. Chophweka njira tanthauzo ngati akufuna koyenera kuti n'zotheka kusintha. Anthu ali kale pa chiyambi cha mbiri yake, ife kufunika mwanjira kudziwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Choyamba, ife kuyeza kuchokera lalikulu intervals zokwanira: chaka, mwezi, tsiku. Dontho ndi dontho, anthu akuthawira mbukila yotuluka ndi kulowa dzuwa, kusintha nyengo, ukalamba wawo. Pang'onopang'ono anaulula tifunika kumasulila kuposa kanthawi. Pali maola, mphindi, masekondi. Ndi zovuta kuchuluka kwa zochita za anthu ndi njira bwino akayezetsa nthawi. Aliyense kusiyana anayamba kukhala mtengo yolondola. atomiki ndi ephemeral aliyense masekondi, zakuthambo ola ( "Ichi ndi mochuluka bwanji?" -. Inu kufunsa kuyankha m'munsimu). Lero, cholinga chathu ndi ora, zofala kwambiri ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku moyo unit wa nthawi, komanso ulonda, popanda zomwe n'zovuta kulingalira dziko ano.

A mbiri pang'ono

N'zosavuta kuona kuti vremyaischislenie mwapadera njira za kutenga nkhani lero. Bukuli lili ndi dongosolo duodecimal, umene ntchito ndi Sumerians kalelo. Kudulidwa kwa maola mu mphindi ndipo inayambira kwambiri mu nthawi. Bukuli lili pa sexagesimal dongosolo chiwerengero, komanso anatulukira m'chigwa cha Tigirisi ndi Firate.

Gawani tsiku loyamba kwa maola 24 anakhala Aigupto. Ola ndiye anali durations osiyana, malingana ndi nyengo ndi kaya a usiku kapena usana. Aiguputo ndi Ababulo ankagawa tsiku m'magulu awiri ofanana. Usana ndi usiku, kuti mdima ndipo masana, anaphatikizapo maola 12. Choncho, kutalika kwa ola zosiyanasiyana mu theka lililonse, malingana ndi nyengo.

kachitidwe wofanana mu Greece ndi Rome. Mu Middle Ages mu Europe anagawanika ndi ntchito mpingo tsiku.

Mawu akuti "ola" upainiya ntchito za Agiriki. Kutalika variable wa intervals nthawi zasungidwa mu dziko motalika kokwanira. Mu dziko lathu, m'zaka XVI-XVII nthawi ya ola anali zonse koma zosiyanasiyana kuchuluka kwa maola masana ndi usiku malingana ndi nyengo. Mu Russia, chingwe nthawi ofanana Europe inayamba 1722.

Zakuthambo ola - izi ndi zingati?

Mawu akuti "ola" amagwiritsidwa ntchito udindo panyengo zosiyanasiyana Kutalika kwa nthawi pafupi mphindi 60. Aliyense akudziwa chimene iwo ali, mwachitsanzo, otsika kapena mochedwa panyumba. Otchulidwa izi ndi mfundo zofanana za nthaŵi ukhoza alipidwa mphindi 60, pang'ono zochepa kapena pang'ono kwambiri kapena tisonyezeni palibe kusiyana ndi nthawi yeniyeni ya tsiku, kenako ayenera kutha ndondomeko limodzi ndi kuyamba ina.

A ola zakuthambo - izi ndi mphindi angati? Mawu amenewa amatanthauza mfundo nthawi imeneyi kwa nthawi lokhazikika. Ola zakuthambo mphindi 60 kapena masekondi 3,600, ndipo watchulidwa kuti "ola". Izi wagawo nthawi si mbali ya chinkafunika dongosolo ano SI (mayiko System mayunitsi a zedi thupi). Chimodzi mwa zifukwa - sikuli kwa alipidwa ola lero decimal. Komabe, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse pamodzi ndi kukhazikitsidwa mayunitsi SI.

wautali bwanji phunziro?

Maphunziro ndi zinthu zakuthambo ola - mfundo zosiyana. The Mauwa akuimira nthawi imeneyi imene Mphunziro lapitali. Mtengo wake zimasiyanasiyana magulu osiyana a m'badwo. Pamene ntchito ndi ana m'minda ya aphunzitsi kufupikitsa nthawi ya maola maphunziro kwa mphindi 20-30 chaka pamaso kumasuka nthawi zina kumawonjezera kwa mphindi 40. M'masukulu, maphunziro ndi kwa mphindi 40-45, banjali pa yunivesite - 90 min. Chifukwa kusiyana - luso la kumvetsera. Ndi zaka, zolemera. Ngati mulowa sukulu ya mkaka kalasi ya mphindi 45, ndipo pa sukulu - pa 90, ophunzira adzakhala atatopa kwambiri ndipo sangathe kukumbukira ndi kuphunzira mfundo za kuchuluka chofunika.

Womwewo mphindi

m'maganizo nthawi yathu inextricably zogwirizana limagwirira imene ife tikuzindikira kuti akuthamanga. Ulonda anali pa nthawi yomweyo, pamene anthu anayamba kuona kufunika mwanjira kuyeza intervals masiku wamfupi. Tsiku lenileni la asayembekezere tsopano n'zosatheka kudziwa - kale izo zinali. Mabaibulo oyamba nthawi anayeza, poona kayendedwe ka dzuwa kudutsa mlengalenga, ndipo ndi thandizo la madzi. Komanso, monga maziko a maola ntchito mchenga ndi moto.

Ndi kusintha kwa chidziwitso ndi kuonjezera mayendedwe a moyo chofunika ziwembu yolondola. Sand, moto, ndi madzi mawotchi anali kuimaliza kukonza nakhala chipangizo, ndiye iwo anali m'malo ndi mamita makina nthawi.

Magiya, kasupe ndi pendulum

Oyambirira mawotchi makina anapezeka pa nyanja pafupi ndi cisumbu ca chipangizochi. Pachibwenzi ku 100 BC. Chipangizochi zakuthambo koloko ndi wapadera: iwo ndi dongosolo m'malo ovuta ndipo alibe analogs mu chikhalidwe cha Agiriki. Limagwirira malinga zojambulidwa angapo anayesetsa inkakhala magiya 32. The wotchi anasonyeza kosangalatsa masiku, kayendedwe ka dzuwa ndi mwezi. Pa oyimba zosonyeza zizindikiro za m'nyenyezi. N'zotheka kuti kupangidwa anatha yesezera kayendedwe ndi thambo Venus, Mars, Mercury ndi Jupiter.

Clock ndi limagwirira escapement koyamba mu China m'chaka 725. Kenako mu 1000, Germany anayamba ntchito pendulum. Clock nsanja yoyamba Ulaya anamangidwa ku Vestmintere mu 1288.

Zimagwirira kuyeza anakhala zambiri zolondola. kupangidwa panafunika luso ndithu. Mu Middle Ages ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano mu Europe ndi kukongola chidwi kwambiri ndi ndondomeko ya mmene koloko zakuthambo zimene lero dziko lonse imakhumbira.

A mwaluso ku Lyon

The wamkulu ntchito zakuthambo koloko mu France kukometsera Cathedral Saint-Jean (Lyon). Zinalengedwa m'zaka XIV, kuwonongedwa kenako obwezeretsedwa kuchokera 1572 mpaka 1600, chokongoletsedwa ndi Baroque wamasiku chokongoletsera mu 1655. Poyamba, monga ulonda zonse za nthawi, iwo anali okonzeka ndi mobwerera yekha. Minute oyimba waikidwa kokha m'zaka XVIII.

Kuwonjezera nthawi, kuyang'ana pa koloko zakuthambo wa Lyon, aliyense akhoza kupeza tsiku, malo thambo la nyenyezi zikuluzikulu ziwiri, mwezi ndi dzuwa. limagwirira akusonyezanso pamene mzinda kumbuyo nyenyezi yowala. Pa tsiku maola kumenya kanayi (12, 14, 15, 16 h.). Mu kumtunda kwa dongosolo ili zikwa, amene ayamba kusuntha pa akulira.

Prague kunyada

Zakuthambo koloko zakuthambo koloko ili pa Town Hall nsanja Prague, wotchuka padziko lonse. Mbiri yawo angatchedwe kwambiri. Orla anakhazikitsidwa zaka zoposa 600 zapitazo, mu 1402, zinatsala pang'ono kenako - mu 1410-m. "Abambo" maola amaonedwa mkasidi Jan Schindel ndi mbuye Mikulas wa Kadan.

tawuni ya chokongoletsera kangapo amayenera kukonzedwa. Mu 1490, Hanus wa Rouge anasintha kuti limagwirira, ndipo malinga ndi nthano, anachititsidwa khungu ndi dongosolo la Prague akuluakulu kukhazikitsa sanathe linabwerezedwanso. Pa nthawi yomweyo koloko anali chokongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi ophiphiritsa ndipo akukonzani ndi mbale kalendala.

Yatsopano kwambiri kapangidwe yasintha mu 1865. Ndiye Yozef Manes anawonjezera Orloj kalendala oyimba ndi medallions chokongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi wophiphiritsa wa miyezi, zizindikiro za m'nyenyezi. The Golden Cockerel, akuwuka pambuyo akamaliza kayendedwe ka kanjedza anaonekera pa koloko mu 1882.

Orloj lero

Prague wotchi kukwapula osati chifukwa cha kukongola, komanso virtuosity ntchito ya ambuye. Orloj limasonyeza Old Bohemia, Babulo, nyenyezi, Italy ndipo, ndithudi, "weniweni" nthawi. Kwa maola mukhoza kuwona tsiku, malo a dziko ndi zizindikiro za m'nyenyezi. Iwo onani yotuluka ndi kulowa dzuwa, mwezi. Ola lililonse, mafano, zokongoletsa Orloj, anayamba kuyenda, kulankhula za makhalidwe a anthu, amatikumbutsa wosatha.

Clock Strasbourg Cathedral

Zakuthambo Clock Strasbourg Cathedral anali anamaliza mu 1857. akapolo anzawo akale anakhazikitsidwa mu 1354 ndi 1574, motero. Wapadera maola - luso lawo kuwerengera tsiku m'kupita maholide achipembedzo, komanso limagwirira kusonyeza precession wa olamulira dziko lapansi. Iwo anamaliza mosinthanasinthana zonse za zaka zoposa 25 sauzande. Strasbourg wotchi limasonyeza nthawi m'dera ndi dzuwa, kanjira dziko lapansi, mwezi ndi mapulaneti ku Mercury kuti Saturn.

Izi si mndandanda wa katswiri kuti kukongoletsa m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana padziko lonse. Ngakhale zinthu zakuthambo 1 ola (yemweyo amene mphindi 60) alibe akomere za zinthu zonse ndi makonzedwe zodzikongoletsera ngati wokongola zolengedwa. Komabe, izi si koyenera - ngati katswiri kuti kutchula za maphatikizidwe nzeru, luso, mawerengedwe masamu ndi kudzoza, ndi bwino kuona ndi maso anga.