Voltaire, "ingenuous": Mwachidule

Nkhani "The yosavuta" - mmodzi wa wotchuka ntchito ndi akatswiri satirical wa Voltaire kwambiri, wafilosofi kwambiri ndi mphunzitsi wa atumwi 18 France. Kwa nthawi yoyamba nkhani inafalitsidwa mu 1767 ndipo posakhalitsa, chifukwa cha kupambana kwakukulu, linamasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri.

Voltaire, "ingenuous": mwachidule. tayi

Kunja kunali mu July 1689. Tsiku lina madzulo mu wotsika Brittany pa mwanyanja kungoyenda Abbe de A Kerkabon ndi mlongo wake. The abbot anadzipereka kuganizira za tsogolo la m'bale wake ndi banja lake, amene zaka 20 zapitazo anapita ku gombe ngalawa ku Canada, ndi kuyambira pa amenewa, panalibe uthenga.

Panthawi imeneyi kwambiri Bay izo zikuphatikizapo njira chotengera, ndipo anafika pa gombe la mnyamata. Iye atavala zovala Indian ndipo zikuoneka zophweka okonda - choncho dzina kwa mtima kwake ndi kudzipereka kwa England anzake. Abbot amauza iye ake ogona.

Tsiku lotsatira mnyamata, akufuna kuthokoza makamu kuchereza alendo, amapereka mascot - Chithunzi cha nambala yosadziŵika ya anthu ophweka okonda chikugwirizana chingwe. Pakati zithunzi izi Abbot atamva za m'bale wake, mkazi wake amene anasowa Canada.

Zambiri-iye anati iye samadziwa makolo awo, ndipo anakweza Indians wake. De Kerkabon ndi mlongo wake ndi kwa amalume ndi azakhali a mnyamatayu, kuyambira pamenepo iye akukhala nawo.

Zambiri okonda sankadziwa makolo awo, ndipo ophunzira Indians Hurons. Tikapeza mu umunthu wa musanakhale ndi mlongo wake amalume ndi azakhali wachikondi, mnyamata anakakhala kunyumba kwawo.

St. Ives

Zapamwamba abwino, kwa mfundo za makhalidwe abwino za maganizo, amalenga khalidwe Voltaire ( "yosavuta kuphunzira"). Chiwembu cha mankhwala cholinga kutsimikizira owerenga kuti khalidwe la protagonist ayenera kukhala lina aliyense.

Choncho Isanafike wasankha kubatiza ingenuously. Koma poyamba, kunali koyenera kuti ndidzipereke kwa maziko a chipembedzo chake chatsopano. Mnyamata akuwerenga Baibulo ndi kuzindikira tanthauzo lake chifukwa chosowa zochita za anthu ophunzitsa. Zambiri ankaweruza mwambo mpingo ndi kugwa m'chikondi ndi mtanda wa Saint-Yves. Iwo anazindikira mnzake m'chikondi, mtsikana ndi mnyamata kupanga mwatsatanetsatane. Koma choyamba, muyenera kufunafuna chilolezo cha makolo awo. Abbot Ikufotokozanso mophweka-apamwamba, kuti akwatiwe ndi mtanda - tchimo. Mnyamatayo anayankha kuti mawu amenewa si otchulidwa m'Baibulo komanso zinthu zina zambiri, kuti alandirika ku anthu ndipo gawo la miyambo ya chipembedzo.

Chilamulo kampani

Limayalutsa ndi absurdity nthawi yake Voltaire. Zambiri okonda sindingakhoze kumvetsa chifukwa miyoyo ya anthu ambiri mtunda papa ayenera amakwatira amalikonda kapena ayi. Mnyamatayo anayankha kuti iye ali ndi ufulu wosankha tsoka lake. Kenako iri yofulumira ku St. Ives ndipo amapereka naye, ninga mudaapikirira Yezu, ndipo ndithudi, n'koyenera wake. Koma ozungulira chiyambi kufotokoza kuti wopanda lamulo, notaries ndi mapangano kubwera chisokonezo.

Zambiri okonda mayankho anthu mwachinyengo kufunika machenjezo ngati amenewa. Koma iye anayankha kuti malamulo amene anapanga anthu ŵakusanga ndi woonamtima. Ndipo ngati munthu wadzikwaniritsa woonamtima, iye modzichepetsa kumvera malamulo, atakhala chitsanzo kwa ena.

Mayi St. Ives kusankha kutumiza mtsikana kunyumba, ndiyeno mucite mwambo sakondedwa koma ndakuwonetserani mkwati. Atamva izi, homey amabwera mu ukali ndi mtima.

British kuwukira

Anatiphunzitsa zipolowe za anthu, ayambitsa wachiwiri, ndi munthu aliyense amene anakulira kutali chitukuko Voltaire ( "yosavuta kuphunzira"). Chidule cha kumathandiza kumvetsa momwe dziko ku makhalidwe abwino ndi woona.

Choncho, mophweka okonda kukhumudwa Amayendayenda m'mbali mwa nyanja. Ndiyeno iye amaona ngati mantha recedes kumuwombera French. Iwo likukhalira kuti squadron British anafika pa gombe ndi kukonzekera kukachita nkhondo ndi mzindawo. Zambiri okonda akulowa nkhondo ndi kuvulaza mdani wa asilikali. Kuona mtima wake, imatilimbikitsa ndi asilikali French ndipo anali wopambana. mtawuni amalowerera kupulumutsa, ndi kosavuta otchuka.

Mu kutentha kwa nkhondo mnyamata akufuna kulanda obisika ndi kumasula wake wokondedwa. Koma iye akhumudwa ndipo analangizidwa kuti apite kwa mfumu Versailles ndi kupempha chilolezo akwatire monga mphoto. Palibe ndiye sanathe ndikutsutsa ufulu kukwatira.

Kuzunza Achiprotestanti

Kupitiriza masana ya ngwazi nkhani "The yosavuta" (Voltaire). Zamkatimu Chapter limatiuza mmene mnyamata anatumizidwa ku Versailles. Njira yake ndi kudzera tauni yaing'ono. Ndi kunyumba kwa Achiprotestanti, amene wangomaliza ufulu wawo wonse ndi kukakamizidwa kutembenukira ku Chikatolika chifukwa cha chiyembekezo chakuti ya Lamulo la Nantes.

Kulira anthu kusiya kwawo. Zambiri okonda sindingakhoze kumvetsa chifukwa mfumu mokomera Papa akukana nzika 600,000 okhulupirika ndipo dooms iwo amangozungulira ndi chisoni. Mnyamata amabwera kunena kuti mlandu zonse alangizi osayenera ndi Ajezwiti, amene anazungulira mfumu. Apo ayi, kodi kupanga kazembe lakeyo mdani wake Papa?

Zambiri okonda ukapolo kulumbira kuti kamodzi moni mfumu, kumuuza choonadi. Ataphunzira choonadi, kazembe kungatithandize anthu ake. Mwatsoka, mawu awa anamva ananamizira Jesuit ntchito ndi Informant bambo Lachaise, confessor wa mfumu, amene ndi wozunza Achiprotestanti.

Versailles

Amaonetsa zolakwa zazikulu za akuluakulu a French, Voltaire. Zambiri okonda kubwera kwa Versailles nthawi yomweyo ndi mwano wa Ajezwiti. Mnyamata, mu naivete wake, ndinaganiza kuti mwamsanga pamene kubwera, adzakomana ndi mfumu, kumuuza za zochita zake ndi kupeza ngati chilolezo mphotho kukwatira wake wokondedwa, ndipo ngakhale kutsegula maso anu woona mfumu yoipa zinthu za Huguenots.

Movutikira, ndikwanitsa kuti omvera ingenuously yekha mkulu yosavuta bwalo. Iye akuuza ngwazi kuti malo ake angadalire yekha kugula udindo wa mkulu. Mnyamatayo anakwiya kwambiri ndi chakuti iwo anapanga kulipira chakuti iye anaika moyo wake chifukwa cha ulemerero wa korona. Hero berates akuluakulu ndipo analonjeza kuti ukauze mfumu kupusa wake. Kuyambira monologue ichi, khoti amanena kuti mlendo wapenga, kotero musati ngofunika aliyense mawu awa.

Atate Lachaise, tsiku lomwelo akalata awiri. The choyamba - kuchokera Akatolika, ndipo chachiwiri - kuyambira achibale a St. Ives wotchedwa mophweka okonda mavuto ndi madcap, amene amalimbikitsa asilikali kuwotcha agulupa kukaba mtsikana.

Pambuyo malipoti amenewa asilikali Analamulidwa kudzagwira mnyamata. Usiku ngwazi kuti abwere ndi, ngakhale kukana aukali, anatumiza kwa Bastille. Apa iye agwa mu selo chimodzimodzi ndi nzeru zapamwamba-Jansenists Gordon.

Bastille

Panthawiyo, pang'onong'ono mapeto Voltaire yekha. "The yosavuta" ( "Gaby" m'Mabaibulo ena) ankaufulula kusonyeza ndiponso mmene mosavuta munthu woonamtima mu France kukhala kumbuyo mipiringidzo.

Atate Gordon, mtundu mtima munthu, anali mu Bastille opanda mlandu chifukwa sanafune kuvomereza kuti mphamvu zopanda malire a Papa ku France. Mkulu wa moyo wake wakhala anasonkhanitsa kwambiri kudziwa; ndipo mnyamatayo anali ndi chidwi chachikulu zonse zikhale zatsopano. Kukambirana akaidi awiri pang'onopang'ono kukhala wosangalatsa ndi zothandiza. Koma odziletsa, ndi losavuta okonda naivety zambiri kuika nzeru zapamwamba amaima.

Mnyamata akuwerenga zosiyanasiyana mabuku mbiri. Kuchokera pamenepa, iye amanena kuti anthu mu linakhalapo kosalekeza wachita milandu yekha. Koma nditawerenga Malebranche, iye amadziwa kuti zonse padziko - chabe mbali yaikulu limagwirira, ndilo moyo wa Mulungu. Pang'onopang'ono maganizo umakhala wolimba ingenuously, iye mabwana sayansi, Masamu.

chidziwitso cha choonadi

lalikulu kwambiri ayankhe anthu anali mankhwala amene analemba Voltaire. "The yosavuta" - makamaka ndi Kutsutsa mphamvu, mfumu, ndi chimene inu mosavuta kutaya mutu wake panthawiyo.

Zifukwa wakale wamng'ono mwana nzeru zapamwamba horrify. Gordon amayang'ana pa iye ndipo amadziwa kuti moyo wake wonse uli kokha za Kukwezeleza tsankho, ndi wophunzira ake zilizonse, kumvera mawu a chilengedwe, anacititsa pafupi choonadi kwambiri. Free ku zoimira zachiphamaso, losavuta-anazindikira kuti ufulu waukulu anthu - ufulu. Iye ananena kuti mikangano scholastics sizoona ndipo achabechabe. Mulungu ndi chilichonse, kotero analikodi mikangano okhulupirira. Gordon amazindikira kuti ufulu wake wophunzira, ndipo akubwera akuletsedwa pozindikira zolakwa zawo. Pakamwa pa khalidwe lake kuika ziweruzo zawo za chikhalidwe cha chipembedzo, Voltaire ( "yosavuta kuphunzira").

Pa nthawi yomweyo, St. Ives wasankha kupita kukafunafuna wokonda ake ndi amayendera Versailles.

zotsatira

St. Ives akapulumuka kwa pansi mphete anapita ku nyumba yogonamo ya mfumu. Iye amasowa angochita msonkhano ndi olemekezeka osiyanasiyana pasanapite ndikupeza kuti wokondedwa wake ali Bastille. Akuluakulu, amene kuuza St. Ives, amadandaula kuti sangathe kuchita bwino udindo wake, kapena adzautaya. Koma zikusonyeza kuti Minister angathandize de A Saint-Puanzh. Bakuman afika omvera ndi dongosolo, koma kuwombola anthu amasulidwe Zambiri-akufuna kukonda St. Ives. Bwino akukankha kuti wovulalayo. Ndipo St. Ives anakakamizidwa kugwa pofuna kupulumutsa wokondedwa.

Zambiri okonda afika kumasulidwa. Koma mtsikanayo akuvutika chifukwa cha kugwa kwake ndi kufa ku malungo. Atamva za imfa ya St. Ives, Puanzh alape za zochita zawo.

Pamafunika nthawi, imene kumafeŵetsa zonse. Zambiri okonda akukhala mkulu imfa yake zimasunga kukumbukira wokondedwa.

Voltaire, "ingenuous": kusanthula

Chinthu chapadera mankhwala ndi nzeru zapamwamba osati anafotokoza maganizo ake ponena za boma ndi mpingo chipangizo, komanso tcheru kwambiri ndi chifaniziro cha maganizo a atchulidwa lapansi.

Mu nkhani imeneyi, Voltaire anayesa kuti agawe kwa chabwino ndi choipa, ndi kupeza muyeso wa zinthuzo. Ndipo anali ufulu wa anthu umene ukuyenera kupereka mfumu. Ufulu wa anthu waukulu pamene mpingo unathera, nchifukwa chake nzeru zapamwamba amazitsutsa ku adiresi yake.

Mu 1994 iye anapangidwa mu filimu, "The yosavuta" (Voltaire). Mufilimuyi anapangidwa ichitikire ndi US, Russia ndi France. Komabe, oonera ndi kutchuka kwambiri analandira.