Ubale - sayansi kuti amaphunzira zachilengedwe ... ndizosowa. Communication zachilengedwe ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi

Earth - yaing'ono buluu ngale anataya osatha malo ozizira a m'mlengalenga ndipo wakhala kunyumba kwa mabilioni a zamoyo. Moyo lodzala ndi kwenikweni danga onse a dziko lathu: madzi, dziko lapansi, mpweya.

Ndipo izi zosiyanasiyana zonse zamoyo, kuyambira ndi zamoyo losavuta kutsiriza ndi chimake cha kusanduka - sapiens Homo - amatha kupereka zimakhudza kwambiri mwachindunji pa moyo wa dziko. Ubale - sayansi kuti amaphunzira kwa anzake a zamoyo zonse zokhala Dziko Lapansi, komanso madera awo ambiri, onse okhaokha ndi chilengedwe chawo.

A mbiri pang'ono

Anthu ambiri masiku ano sadziwa kuti chilengedwe chinayamba monga mbali yapadera ya sayansi okha cha m'ma XX. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, iyo inali mbali yokhayo ya zamoyo. A tate wa zachilengedwe kunali odzipereka wotsatira ndi kutsatira za Darwin, wasayansi ndi luso ndi zamoyo - German Ernst Haeckel.

Pa mapangidwe zachilengedwe monga sayansi osiyana ankatsatira pa dzanja limodzi - kulimbitsa mu XX atumwi, sayansi ndi luso patsogolo, ndi pa zina - kwafalikira wa anthu lathuli. Chitukuko cha luso ndi makampani kwachititsa kuwonjezeka mobwerezabwereza ankadya zachilengedwe kuti nawonso, wakhala ingafooketse chilengedwe.

Pamene chiwerengero cha anthu wachulukitsa mofulumira, chiwerengero cha zolengedwa zina anakhala likunena ndichepe. NTP walola anthu kumanga mestopribyvanie wake pa dziko asavutike ngati n'kotheka, koma pa nthawi yomweyo anali ngati chinthu koopsya kwa chibadwa. Panali kukufunikira kafukufuku mofulumira ndi chilengedwe kafukufuku. Communication zachilengedwe ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi wakhala mosalephera.

mfundo zofunika za zachilengedwe sayansi

Chikhazikitso cha Ubale zikuphatikizapo kuphunzira mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe cha zinthu anakonza pa mitundu, ndi biosphere, ndi biocentric milingo organismal. Choncho pali zigawo zikuluzikulu monga zachilengedwe ambiri:

• Autecology kapena zachilengedwe wa zamoyo - gawo limene limakamba ndi kuphunzira ubale munthu chilengedwe monga anthu a mtundu uliwonse wa zamoyo, komanso majeremusi kukhala m'gulu wamba mitundu.
• Population zachilengedwe, ndi zachilengedwe anthu. Zolinga za chigawo chino mukuphunzira njira zachilengedwe udindo lamulo chiwerengero cha zamoyo zosiyanasiyana moyo, kachulukidwe awo mulingo woyenera, komanso kudziwa chovomerezeka malire achire a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi anthu.
• Synecology kapena zachilengedwe mdera ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mogwirizana zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo anthu a chilengedwe, komanso njira ndi dongosolo biogeocenosis.

Njira maphunziro zachilengedwe

zachilengedwe ano Limagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kafukufuku. Komabe, iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: kumunda ndi zasayansi njira.

Ndi mutu kwambiri mukhoza kuona kuti kafukufuku onse munda ikuchitika mwachindunji mu chilengedwe. Nawonso, akhoza kugawidwa mu:

• N'kupuma. maphunziro zikuphatikizapo onse kuonerera yaitali zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso miyezo, nkhani, komanso umboni malangizo.
• Route. Adaperekeza Ataona mwachindunji wa chinthu, pafupifupi chuma chake, chimaonekera, maonekedwe, wasenza mapu ndi matchati.
• Ofotokoza - pa womdziwa koyamba ndi chinthu kuphunzira.
• Experimental. Apa chinthu chachikulu - zinachitikira ndi kuyesera, zosiyanasiyana za kufufuza mankhwala, quantification ndi ena.

njira Laboratory zochokera kufufuza zasayansi. Popeza chilengedwe - ndi kuphunzira kuchuluka ambirimbiri zinthu, makamaka kuphunzira zinthu kwachilengedwenso wapatsidwa othandiza mawerengeredwe njira.

Kukhala pamalo zamoyo

Pofuna kumvetsa bwino kusonkhezera anthu kapena zinthu zina zachilengedwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya moyo, muyenera kuzindikira ubale wa chilengedwe ndi moyo wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. A zosiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe zimene zimachitika Padziko Lapansi - madzi, dziko, mpweya, nthaka, chamoyo - tikukhala malo osiyanasiyana zomera ndi nyama zamoyo. Ndi pakati zamoyo zonse kupeza zinthu zofunika pa moyo. Ndipo pali kuwombola moyo mankhwala zamoyo anabwerera.

Malo oyamba kwambiri kwa anthu abwino mu dziko akhala mchere. Izo zinali mu madzi kunali moyo mwa mawonekedwe a tizilombo ting'onoting'ono - kuti adziwe ndiye pansi mpweya ndi nthaka chilengedwe. organismal A bwinobwino anakakhala tizilombo symbionts.

Choncho kusiyana zikhalidwe za kukhalako kwa mapangidwe osiyana wakonza ntchito mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana akaphatikiza chiwerengero cha thupi yeniyeni, morphological, khalidwe, ndipo zosiyanasiyana zina kuwathandiza ngati kuli kotheka kuti azolowere zovuta za moyo.

zinthu zachilengedwe

Chikhazikitso cha zachilengedwe sayansi kofunika kwambiri zinthu payekha zachilengedwe. Ndi otsiriza amatanthauza chinthu kapena chilengedwe zinthu zilizonse zimene zimachititsa izi kapena zinthu zina kuti azolowere iwo kusintha. Pali magulu atatu okha a zinthu zachilengedwe:

• biotic;
• abiotic;
• anthropogenic.

Mfundo biotic monga katundu osiyanasiyana achilengedwe. Angathe kuchititsa zochita dziphunzitsiranso zomera (Phytogenic), ndi nyama (zoogenic) ndi bowa (mikogennye).

Abiotic mwake, ndi zigawo chikhalidwe zopanda moyo: Geological (zoyenda oundana, ntchito chiphala, dzuwa, etc.), nyengo (kutentha, kuwala, mphepo, chinyezi, kuthamanga, etc ...), Nthaka (loukitsa, kachulukidwe ndi kapangidwe wa nthaka) ndi zinthu hydrological (madzi, kuthamanga, amenewa, panopa).

zinthu Anthropogenic zachilengedwe zokhudzana ndi zochita za anthu. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti ndi munthu amene ali kusintha kwambiri mu zimadalirana. Ndipo ena mitundu kumakhaladi yabwino, koma ena.

mavuto Environmental nthawi yathu

Masiku ano mavuto a zachilengedwe ali makamaka kokhudzana ndi zimakhudza anthu pa chikhalidwe. Global Ubale akulengeza zotsatirazi oopsa: asidi mvula, Mpweya umene wakuta, zotsatira kutentha, kuipitsa dziko loyandikira ndi vuto la kutaya zinyalala anthu, kudzitsitsa ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka, chipululu, ambiri kudula mitengo, kutha kwa nyama, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kufooka wonse wa chitetezo cha m'thupi la anthu , wakuta chuma (madzi, mpweya, mafuta ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe), photochemical chifunga ndi zinthu zina amapha.

Zonsezi makamaka amayamba ndi yogwira alowererepo anthu mu kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso kukhazikitsa wodzikweza la zamasewela, zankhondo, zachuma ndi zina zofuna kusintha malo achilengedwe.

kuipitsidwa zachilengedwe

Ubale - sayansi kuti amaphunzira kuphatikizapo kuipitsidwa wa chilengedwe (biosphere). Pankhaniyi, pansi kuipitsako akutanthauza otaya yogwira mphamvu mu biosphere kapena zinthu, nambala, malo kapena katundu amene akhoza kusokoneza malo a mitundu yosiyanasiyana wamoyo.

Makampani ndi lonse mizinda kutsogolera poizoni wa pamalo osati olimba, madzi ndi zinthu gaseous ndi tizilombo, komanso mphamvu zosiyana (phokoso lambiri, cheza), zomwe kusokoneza m'chilengedwe osiyanasiyana dziko.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya kuipitsa biosphere ndi zosiyana ndi chiyambi: achilengedwe (achilengedwe) - sikuchita nawo anthu ndi munthu. Yotsirizira ndi zoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa anthu ndisanaphunzire kubwezeretsa chilengedwe chawo.

Lero, kuipitsidwa ndi yoipa mayendedwe nadza kwa mpweya, nthaka ndi madzi pamwamba, nthaka. Anthu lavundira ngakhale pafupi-Earth danga. Zonsezi si kuwonjezera ndichiyembekezo kuti anthu ndi zingakubweretsereni lonse ngoziyo zachilengedwe. The woyambirira wa zachilengedwe sayansi amapereka anthu mwayi kupewa chilichonse.

kuipitsidwa nthaka

Chifukwa, mosasamala, zopanda nzeru zochita za anthu dothi mozungulira m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndi m'madera amene muli anthu ambiri mafakitale zitsulo mphero, zomera mphamvu, nyumba makina, unayipitsidwa pa maulendo ambirimbiri.

zitsulo, mafuta, mankhwala sulfure ndi kutsogolera pamodzi ndi zinyalala m'nyumba - izi ndi zimene mwadzaza malo ano a munthu kutukuka. Aliyense Institute Ubale akutsimikiza kuti kuwonjezera pa zinthu zakumwamba m'nthaka wochuluka lili carcinogens zosiyanasiyana, angathe kupanga anthu akuopa matenda.

dziko wakudya ife, sikuti pansi kukokoloka ndi kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu zoipa mankhwala, komanso dambo, mchere wa m'madzi, uziyenda ntchito yomanga maofesi osiyanasiyana. Ndipo ngati chiwonongeko achilengedwe a topsoil pamwamba akhoza kukhala wochedwa, kukokoloka chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, chidwi ndi mayendedwe ake kudya.

Agriculture ndi ntchito zambiri za mankhwala wayamba mliri chenicheni. Kuopsa kwambiri mu nkhani iyi ndi khola chlorine mankhwala angathe kupulumuka mu dothi zaka ndi kudziunjikira m'menemo.

mpweya

Otsatirawa lalikulu zachilengedwe kuopseza - kuipitsa m'mlengalenga. Kachiwiri, zikhoza chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe, monga ntchito chiphala, zomera maluwa, kusuta kunkhalango moto kapena kukokoloka mphepo. Koma amadza anthropogenic amachititsa zoipa m'mlengalenga zambiri.

Anthropogenic kapena zopangidwa ndi mpweya ndi chifukwa zinkakhalira yambiri zinthu zina zoipa. zowopseza Special pankhaniyi amachita malonda mankhwala a. Ndiyamika mlengalenga ejected woipa sulfure, oxides asafe, sulfide wa hydrogen, chimasanduka, halides, ndi zinthu zina. Kuphatikizidwa ndi mnzake mu mankhwala anachita, iwo amatha kupanga mankhwala kwambiri kwambiri oopsa.

Zinthu zanyanyira utsi wa galimoto. M'mizinda ikuluikulu kwambiri nyengo windless kuti lafalikira wamba chifunga photochemical.

Kuipitsa nkhokwe madzi a dziko

Moyo pa dziko N'zosatheka madzi, koma nthawi yathu, maphunziro zachilengedwe zapangitsa asayansi kubwera kwa mapeto chisoni ntchito anthropological ali kukhudza oopsa hydrosphere dziko lapansi. Yafupika nkhokwe zachilengedwe madzi, ndipo ngakhale nyanja ambiri lero wayamba kusintha lonse mu topezeka ake, mogwirizana ndi zimene mitundu m'madzi ndi likupita ikutha.

Makamaka nkhawa chifukwa chakuti kuipitsa zimakhudza pamwamba madzi komanso pansi pa chikhalidwe chimenecho osati bwanji zinyalala mafakitale, komanso ambiri landfills boma, zimbudzi, zinyalala kuswana maofesi, kusunga feteleza ndi mankhwala. Pamwamba pa chitukuko simungakhoze kuchita popanda ngozi yaikulu. Emergency zinyalala kukha mu matupi madzi - sikunali osowa.

Communication zachilengedwe ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi

Woyamba zachilengedwe - sayansi kuti amaphunzira mavuto a zachilengedwe, ndipo iye sangakwanitse kuthetsa vutolo. Tsopano, pamene zinadziwika mmene zoopsazi zili mu m'chilengedwe osiyana, izo zimakhala bwino kwambiri kufunika kwa ubale wa zachilengedwe ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi. Popanda mogwirizana kwambiri ndi mankhwala, zamoyo, umagwirira, sayansi ndi zina nthambi zina za sayansi sangathe athe kutenga kuthetsa mavuto a zachilengedwe.

Asayansi adzapanga khama olowa mu pofuna kuchepetsa mavuto ndi umunthu. Asayansi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kuti mopupuluma kufunafuna zopangira magetsi otetezeka. Mu ena limati kale kwambiri chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha magalimoto amene angathamange magetsi. Zikudalira khama la akatswiri, iwo adzakhala m'nthawi latsopano ukasintha vuto la kuchepetsa mavuto zinyalala mafakitale. The zothetsera mavuto ofanana ayenera idzagwiritsa munda zonse zachilengedwe.

The zinthu zachilengedwe ku Russia

Mwatsoka, malo Russian si pamalo abwino. Malinga ndi zachilengedwe otchuka, dziko wathu ndiye m'modzi wa limati zitatu kwambiri kwambiri uwononge topezeka a dziko. Kuwonjezera Russia, mu mndandanda wathuwu zikuphatikizapo ngakhale China ndi United States.

Zinthu kulimbikitsa ndi chakuti pamene olemera mayiko ambiri European chaka amathera 6% ya bajeti ake zoteteza chilengedwe, mu Russia, ndalama izi samafuna ngakhale 1%. Akuluakulu amakanitsitsa kuyankha ulendo wa ecologists kuti Atchule awo ku mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni zokhudza dera limeneli.

Nthawiyi zachilengedwe Russia kuchititsa nkhawa lonse mayiko monga gawo kuti ali, indetu yaikulu, mafakitale zambiri, zinyalala si zobwezerezedwanso osati kuwataya bwino, ndi motsutsa likhale mavuto azachuma, izo zikuwoneka akuopsa.

Mphamvu ya Environment thanzi la munthu

Pamwamba otchulidwa mochuluka bwanji kusokoneza anthu chilengedwe moyo akumane moyo wa zinthu zachilengedwe. Loyamba ndilochokera, ndithudi, ana, chifukwa - tsogolo lathu. Koma kodi tsogolo, ngati munthu wamng'ono pa kubadwa kupuma mpweya wowonongeka, kudya chakudya, amene zoipa mchere; kutetezera mankhwala okha madzi mabotolo pulasitiki ndi zina zotero. D.?

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, madokotala akhala lolunjika pa chakuti zochitika za matenda broncho-m'mapapo mwanga apamwamba ndi apamwamba. Ambiri odwala awo sagwirizana, ambiri a iwo kachiwiri - ana. M'dziko pali kukula kwa matenda kugwirizana ndi immunodeficiency. Tikhoza kuganiza kuti ngati anthu sachita posachedwapa kulakwa kwake ndipo yesani kuona mtendere zogwirizana wogwirizana ndi amayi Nature, mtsogolo si kutali kwambiri, tingathe kumvetsa tsoka la mitundu zinatha. Kumbukirani kuti chilengedwe ndi thanzi la munthu ali inextricably zogwirizana.

2014 - Chaka cha chilengedwe

Chaka chilichonse dziko lathu ikuchitika zinthu zambiri, odzipereka ku ntchito yophunzitsa pa zinthu zachilengedwe. Ndipo 2014 anali nazonso. Chiyambireni chaka mpikisano zikuluzikulu "National Prize Environmental" ERAECO "unachitikira ku Russia. Monga mbali ya chochitika ichi m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya Russia anasonyeza bwanji mafilimu pa nkhani zachilengedwe, zikondwerero nkhani.

Padzakhala ulaliki pa Eco-yomanga ndi chiwonetsero cha mwayi wa mabanja zachilengedwe ulimi mu Moscow ndi dera Moscow. masukulu akhala Eco-maphunziro omwe anyamata za mavuto a zachilengedwe, ndi kufotokozedwa mbali mwatsatanetsatane zosiyanasiyana za chilengedwe.

"ERAECO" okonza mukukonzekera kutsegula kwa Laboratories zachilengedwe mini-mafoni, chimene kudzakhala kotheka kuti achite kusanthula mofulumira zitsanzo anatengedwa kuchokera madzi mpweya, ndi nthaka. Laboratory akatswiri mothandizidwa ndi akatswiri chilengedwe adzakhala ophunzira a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana.

Asilikali adzakhala "Eco-kulondera" anapanga, amene adzapitiriza ntchito yake osati pa mpikisano, komanso pambuyo. Ana a zaka kusukulu ya pulayimale, nayenso, adzatha kudya zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa, ndiyeno iwo kupemphedwa kuti alenge mbiri zooneka zojambula lapansi.

mgwirizano wamayiko kuteteza chilengedwe

lathuli ndi chimodzi, ndipo ngakhale kuti anthu wolemekezeka mu m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndipo limati, polankhula kwambiri kukanikiza mavuto a zachilengedwe amafuna osakaniza. Zimenezi ikuchitika mu chimango cha mapulogalamu mayiko a mabungwe monga UNESCO ndi UN, ndipo malamulo ndi mapangano Interstate.

mfundo za mgwirizano zachilengedwe yapangidwa. Mmodzi mwa iwo anati kuti chilengedwe umoyo wa boma sayenera zimatheka popanda kutenga nkhani zofuna za m'mayiko ena kapena ndalama zawo. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko wamphamvu ndi olakwika ntchito zachilengedwe za m'madera underdeveloped a dziko.

Wina limati mfundo kuti paliponse chiperekedwe ulamuliro kuvomerezedwa kuopseza kusintha mu chilengedwe, ndipo onse States ali ndi udindo kuthandizapo zonse kwa wina ndi mnzake mu mavuto zovuta zachilengedwe ndipo mwadzidzidzi.

Nkofunika kuzindikira kuti yekha United anthu adzatha kusunga dziko lapansi kudzabwera kugwa zachilengedwe. Kuyambira tsopano, nzika iliyonse dziko chofunika kumvetsa izo.