Okusayidi chlorine

Oxides kapena oxides wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana otchedwa pawiri ndi oxygen. Pafupifupi onse zinthu kupanga mankhwala amenewa. Chloro, komanso halogens zina, yodziwika mu mankhwala otere amaneneratu zabwino makutidwe ndi okosijeni. oxides onse chlorine ndi sinkakhala zinthu, zomwe ndi khalidwe kwa oxides a halogens. Anayi odziwika mankhwala amene mamolekyulu muli chlorine ndi oxygen.

1. Gaseous pawiri kuchokera zachikasu pabuka mtundu ndi fungo khalidwe (fungo amatikumbutsa Cl2 mpweya) - okusayidi chlorine (I). Chemical chilinganizo Cl2O. Limatsogolera mfundo ya opanda 116 ° C, otentha kutentha + 2 ° C. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, kachulukidwe wake ndi wofanana makilogalamu 3,22 / m³.
2. Yellow kapena lalanje-chikasu mpweya ndi fungo khalidwe - chlorine okusayidi (IV). Chemical chilinganizo ClO2. mfundo limatsogolera opanda 59 ° C, kuwira mfundo kuphatikiza 11 ° C.
3. The red-bulauni madzi - okusayidi chlorine (VI). Chemical chilinganizo Cl2O6. Limatsogolera mfundo kuphatikiza 3,5 ° C, kuwira mfundo kuphatikiza 203 ° C.
4. Colorless wochuluka madzi - okusayidi chlorine (VII). Chemical chilinganizo Cl2O7. Limatsogolera mfundo opanda 91,5 ° C, kuwira mfundo kuphatikiza 80 ° C.

Okusayidi chlorine boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni +1 anhydride ndi ofooka monobasic hypochlorous asidi (HClO). Konzekerani ndi njira zake Peluso mercuric okusayidi ndi anachita ndi mpweya chlorine monga mmodzi wa maikwezhoni anachita: 2Cl2 + 2HgO → Cl2O + Hg2OCl2 kapena 2Cl2 + HgO → Cl2O + HgCl2. ikuyenda zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosiyana izi. Mankhwala okusayidi (I) ndi Zachepetsedwa pa kutentha opanda 60 ° C chifukwa pa apamwamba kutentha izo linawola chimoto chadzaoneni, ndipo mu mawonekedwe kuikapo maganizo ndi zachiwawa. Cl2O amadzimadzi njira akamagwira chlorination mu madzi kapena soda carbonates, zitsulo zamchere lapansi. Okusayidi amasungunula bwino madzi, mmene chidulo hypochlorous aumbike: Cl2O + H2O ↔ 2HClO. Komanso, nawonso kusungunuka tetrachloride mpweya.

Okusayidi chlorine makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +4 mwinamwake kudziwika woipa. Nkhanizi anali kusungunuka mu madzi, sulfuric ndi zidulo acetic, acetonitrile, tetrachloride mpweya, ndi zina mankhwala ndiponso ndi kuwonjezeka polarity amene kumawonjezera solubility ake. Zasayansi kudakonzedweratu mwa kuchita chlorate potaziyamu ndi asidi oxalic: 2KClO3 + H2C2O4 → K2CO3 + 2ClO2 + CO2 + H2O. Popeza chlorine okusayidi (IV) ndi chikhazikitso ndi kuphulika, izo sangathe kusungidwa mu njira. Chifukwa chaichi, silika ntchito, amene pamwamba pa adsorbed mawonekedwe ClO2 akhoza kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, pamene sangathe kuchotsa kuchotsako chlorine zosafunika ake, popeza si chosakanikirana ndi gel osakaniza silika. Mu zikhalidwe mafakitale ClO2 anawakonzera kuchepetsa ndi woipa sulfure pamaso pa chidulo cha safuriki, sodium chlorate: 2NaClO3 + SO2 + H2SO4 → 2NaHSO4 + 2ClO2. Ndi ntchito ngati oyeretsa mwachitsanzo, pepala kapena mapadi, etc., komanso sterilizing ndi masaka zipangizo zosiyanasiyana.

Okusayidi chlorine makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +6, izo linawola monga anthu aone kuti pali anachita pa limatsogolera: Cl2O6 → 2ClO3. Okonzeka okusayidi chlorine (VI) oxidizing ndi Mpweya umene woipa: 2O3 + 2ClO2 → 2O2 + Cl2O6. okusayidi izi chingathe yatikhudza ndi njira zamchere ndi madzi. Pankhaniyi ndi disproportionation anachita zimachitika. Mwachitsanzo, mmene anachitira ndi hydroxide potaziyamu: 2KOH + Cl2O6 → KClO3 + KClO4 + H2O, chifukwa analandira chlorate ndi perchlorate potaziyamu.

Apamwamba okusayidi chlorine amatchedwanso dihlorogeptaoksid chlorine kapena anhydride ndi oxidant amphamvu. Iwo amatha singano kapena zoopsa pamene usavutike. Komabe, mankhwala ndi wolimba kuposa oxides mu boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni +1 ndi +4. Azingokhala kuti chlorine ndi mpweya ndi inapita patsogolo ndi kukhalapo kwa oxides m'munsi ndi auka kutentha pakati pa 60 ndi 70 ° C. Mankhwala okusayidi (VII) angathe pang'onopang'ono sungunuka m'madzi ozizira, anachita chifukwa umabala chloric asidi: H2O + → Cl2O7 2HClO4. Dihlorogeptaoksid anawakonzera mokoma Kutentha asidi perchloric ndi anhydride phosphoric: P4O10 + 2HClO4 → Cl2O7 + H2P4O11. Cl2O7 komanso akhoza zopezera ntchito oleum m'malo phosphorous pentoxide.

Gawo zochita kupanga zimapangidwira, amene amafufuza oxides halogen, kuphatikizapo oxides, chlorine, anayamba mofulumira mu zaka zapitazi, kuyambira mankhwala awa ndi mphamvu kwambiri. Iwo amatha combustors ndege kutengerapo mphamvu yomweyo ndi mankhwala magwero panopa liwiro angadzachite zake lizilamuliridwa. Chifukwa china chidwi - ndi kuthekera synthesizing magulu atsopano a mankhwala zochita kupanga, mwachitsanzo, chlorine okusayidi (VII) ndi kholo la perchlorates.