Topezeka. topezeka dongosolo, lingaliro ndi mitundu

Monga anthu tikukhala mu nyumba ndi nyumba komanso mu chikhalidwe ali osiyana yake m'dziko lina. Ali okhaokha ndipo akhoza kukhala paokha. Iwo amatchedwa Umodzi monga zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, ayenera kugonjera malamulo ena. M'nkhaniyi tiona zimene topezeka kudera: lingaliro, kapangidwe, cholinga. Ndipo kudziwa kuti iwo ali.

maganizo

Mndandanda wa zamoyo limodzi mu malo ena ndi zimavuta ndi mzake kapena ayi, mawu akuti "topezeka". Mfundo imeneyi anali akufuna mu 1935 ndi English wasayansi A. Arthur Tansley. Iye ankachita nawo maphunziro a ubale wa zamoyo ndi chitukuko wamba. Mwa njira, iye ndi chimodzi mwa anthu amene anayambitsa sayansi, zachilengedwe, zimene amachita ndi kuphunzira zimene topezeka. Kapangidwe topezeka umaimiridwa ndi mbali ziwiri zomwe zikuthandizira: biocoenosis ndi biotope. Pansi woyamba akunena zamoyo okha ndipo ubwenzi wawo, ndipo pansi wachiwiri - malo. Monga ulamuliro, topezeka kudera la ankachita lonse zamoyo ku mabakiteriya nyama apamwamba. Ndipo N'zosadabwitsa kuti dera lonse mu mgwirizano, ndiko wosweka, akuchira kachiwiri, ndipo aliyense wa anthu ake amagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri.

biogeocoenosis

Yosonkhanitsa zina zigawo zikuluzikulu kuti kulankhula mphamvu ndipo amatha kwambiri kapena zochepa yoyenda yokha kukhalapo, - zamoyo. Kapangidwe topezeka zosonyeza kuti zamoyo zonse zazikulu: mabakiteriya, zomera, nyama, bowa. Koma ena mwa iwo kwina. Imeneyi, n'zomveka kuti kupatukana lingaliro ili ku biogeocoenose. Mawu amenewa akusonyeza ndi anthu amene pali onse a zigawo zikuluzikulu pamwamba. Komanso, kapangidwe biotic topezeka zingaphatikizepo ophunzira chimodzi chokha Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya okha. Zimenezi zingaoneke m'madera anapanga Mwachitsanzo, pa maziko a mitembo nyama. Choncho, topezeka ndi biogeocoenosis - si n'chimodzimodzi, chifukwa yotsirizira ndi mfundo zambiri. Ngakhale izi, nthawi zambiri amakhala osokonezeka.

Gawo ndi structuring

Kupatula chakuti asayansi anasiyanitsidwa ndi zina ziti topezeka pakati pawo, iwonso ali ndi chidwi dongosolo awo mkati. mosiyana ndi mfundo za view kuphatikiza kupereka chithunzi mwachilungamo wathunthu, amene amatilola uliwonse mchitidwe payokha. N'zosadabwitsa kuti structuring ntchito ngati akugwirizana ndi: mphamvu ndi ntchito ya mtundu wa mitundu, malo ophunzira. Kumene, m'pofunika kuganizira zofunika kwambiri mwa zinthu zambiri, chifukwa chilengedwe topezeka kapangidwe popanda kulankhula Mwachitsanzo, kapangidwe kake, n'zomveka pang'ono.

Ponena za kulekana pakati pa magulu amakhala ndi muyezo waukulu ndi mayendedwe osakhala. Chinthu china chofunika ndi mwachibadwa cha chiyambi chake ndiponso wamphamvu yoyenda yokha yokonza ntchito. Apa kale tikulankhula makamaka za phukusi mu chikhalidwe cha chinthu anthu, amenenso n'zomveka kudziwa zambiri, koma kenako.

ntchito

Topezeka trophic dongosolo asiyanika zamoyo akugwira ntchitoyi ndi mtundu wa chakudya. Malinga mkombero wa nkhani m'chilengedwe kanthu wachotsedwa opanda, ndipo simungakhoze basi kutha. Mwachionekere, ndi mwa kusintha kwa izi kapena nkhani ina. Apa, mu nkhani magulu awiri zomenyanazo zamoyo kulowa: autotrophs ndi heterotrophs. Otsiriza - ndi nyama ndi bowa kulakalaka organic. Woyamba (zomera ndi mabakiteriya) kulowa zosiyana enieni. Mwa njira, nawonso anawagawa photosynthesis ndi hemosintetikov.

Zinchito dongosolo topezeka adzatenge gulu lomwelo, koma pansi mayina ena. Apa tikukamba za tidaipanga, decomposers, ogula ndi destructors. njira ziwiri izi yogwirizana kwambiri ndi mfundo unyolo chakudya.

utsogoleri wolowezana

Kumene, dongosolo lililonse la Kuvuta izi lagawidwa milingo angapo. Woyamba ndi wopambana kwambiri ndi biocenosis tanenera kale, limene liri lonse wa zamoyo zonse zimafunika. Kenako, dongosolo masanjidwe wa m'chilengedwe kumafuna magawano ndi timayandama, zooplankton, ndi myco microbiocenosis. Aliyense wa magulu awa zizindikiro kuchuluka kwa munthu, wotchedwa anthu. Pomaliza, unit zing'onozing'ono ndi munthu (kapena munthu), umene uli osiyana Mwachitsanzo.

Palinso ufumu zinchito. Trophic topezeka dongosolo, monga tanenera kale, kumafuna kulekana kwa tidaipanga, ogula, decomposers ndi destructors. Komabe, pali milingo angapo. Choncho, iwo amayamba ndi zomera zobiriwira kuti madzi ndi mchere kuchokera m'nthaka, komanso dzuwa. Herbivores kale za mlingo woyamba wa ogula ndi kudya zitsamba monga chakudya. Iwonso chakudya zolusa, ataima pa sitepe pamwambapa. Kotero apa kuoneka wapadera yake wolowezana.

ndi mitundu

Ngakhale mkati mwa mtundu womwewo wa zamoyo, ena zosiyanasiyana zingaoneke, ndipo zimenezi si zodabwitsa. .. Kapangidwe topezeka mitundu - ndi chizindikiro yofunika ya chiŵerengero cha anthu kapena ena zomera, nyama, bowa, tizilombo, etc. khalidwe Izi zimadalira zinthu zingapo: udindo Hrs, zone nyengo boma madzi, m'badwo omwe. Similar mitundu zikuchokera Tingaone mu zikwi makilomita Chrixitu, ngati zowonetsera mu ofanana. Kuwonjezera pamaso pa zamoyo zina zofunika ndi manambala awo. Ambiri mwa topezeka ina ya zachilengedwe ndipo sredoobrazovatelyami akutchedwa, motero, ntchito zikuluzikulu ndi kulenga zinthu kupulumuka kwa mitundu ina.

Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti ophunzira wamng'ono si zofunika kwambiri. M'malo mwake, zina, chapadera biotic dongosolo topezeka ingatithandize kudziwa molondola kwambiri za chikhalidwe chake. Pamaso pa toyesa yosowa ya nyama ndi zomera akhoza kulola kumvetsa, monga madzi ndi mpweya.

Pa maziko okhudza malo

Koyamba, magawano zinthu zachilengedwe, chifukwa malo awo, wokongola zoonekeratu. Steppe, nkhalango chipululu, Titafika pamalo, pansi panyanja - akonzedwa ndi zamoyo, mosakaika, adzakhala chosiyana. Koma Gawo ili ndi zogwirizana okha pankhani kuyerekeza machitidwe angapo ndiponso kusiyana pakati pawo.

Komano aliyense m'dera adzakhala ndi utsogoleri wolowezana thupi. Kapangidwe okhudza malo zachilengedwe za nkhalango, mwachitsanzo, ndi mosavuta noticeable, izo lagawidwa milingo angapo. Nightingales zisa zawo mitengo kwambiri, wagtails amakonda kukhala pafupi pansi. Ndipo pakati pa zomera lochitira lodziwikiratu: mitengo, udzu ndiponso ndere ndi m'magawo chosiyana. Asayansi anapereka mwa makhalidwe amenewa amatchedwa longline kapena mbewu zochepa.

zimadalirana lapadziko

topezeka dongosolo, yomwe ili pa mtunda, akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri, koma nthawi zambiri zosangalatsa kwambiri. Iwo ali paliponse: m'nkhalango, steppes, m'zipululu, mapiri atali, ndi aliyense m'njira yakeyake chidwi. Iwo tonse pansi mpweya malo. Nthawiyi, kusiyana iwo Mwina kuposa chonse pamodzi. Mwachitsanzo, kapangidwe ka topezeka m'nkhalango kotentha wosiyana kuti waona chapakati Russia. Komanso, dera wobiriwira America South ndi mochititsa wosiyana chithunzi cha Asia South-West. Monga tanenera kale, zone nyengo - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zazikulu koma ayi chinthu chokha kulimbikitsa njira topezeka akufotokozera. Kapangidwe topezeka ndi zovuta kwambiri ndi multidimensional, kotero zokoma ndi mwachinsinsi.

madzi

Madzi oyera ndi m'madzi zamoyo, algae, zomera, modabwitsa, chakuya nyanja nsomba - mitundu topezeka dongosolo ili nyanja, chimodzimodzi ndimasewera kuposa Dziko Lapansi. Nthawi zambiri angakhale zovuta. m'madzi topezeka dongosolo zina amakhala ngati nthaka, mwachitsanzo, apa, nawonso, pali layering. Koma pali kusiyana zofunika kwambiri. Amakhala mu chakuti amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni piramidi mozondoka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti alimi chachikulu (pali zomera zosiyanasiyana) nthawi zambiri ambiri ndi kuchulukitsa mofulumira kuposa ogula kapena consuments. Makamaka zimenezi zikugwira ntchito kwa nyanja ndi nyanja yakuya, komanso m'madera madzi oyera akhoza kuona zinthu zomwezo. Kwambiri ndimasewera kuti kapangidwe m'madzi topezeka zikuphatikizapo monga mmodzi wa zamoyo zing'onozing'ono, komanso waukulu. Ndipo iwo onse amakhala mwamtendere oyandikana ndi mzake.

mtengo

Kufunika zinthu zachilengedwe zovuta Musaone. Choyamba, iwo onse mkombero zogwirizana pa nkhaniyi mu chirengedwe. Zochitika za machitidwe ena kugwa ena, kotero kuti iwo nawonso modalirana. Chachiwiri, iwo amakulolani kwambiri kapena zochepa kukhala pakuleka - dera lililonse la zamoyo mu wapadera, chodabwitsa ndi chawo wokongola. Pomaliza, zachilengedwe zonse munthu alandira mosaganizira - madzi, nthaka yazaulimi, lachonde mpweya wabwino - akuupereka topezeka ichi kapena icho. Kapangidwe ka topezeka, komanso ngati biosphere lonse, m'malo zosalimba, kotero musaiwale za udindo wake ndi zina muyenera kuganizira mfundo yakuti dziko n'kosathandiza kusunga chuma chake kalekale m'mibadwo yanu.

zochita za anthu

Anthu ntchito zake mwa njira ina amakhudza pafupifupi m'chilengedwe chonse. Koma ngati chikoka cha ena mwa iwo ayi, ena nacho mwachindunji. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, mpweya, nthaka ndi madzi, kugwira nsomba ndi nyama - zonse amakhala ndi ntchito yaikulu kusunga bwino chikhalidwe.

Mwa njira, anthu kupitiriza kuphunzira kompyuta kuti uziyenda khola Umodzi wokha, koma amagwiritsidwa akuyesera kusamalira alipo. Childs, vuto moyo chongopeka analenga madera si lalikulu kwambiri, ndi kukhazikika pa zikutipatsa mafunso ambiri. Komabe, zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri kuphunzira kusamala zachilengedwe zimadalirana, chifukwa mu njira iyi kotheka kukwaniritsa zokolola kwambiri ulimi, komanso kuyesa kumanganso. Mwatsoka, zotsatira anthu pa chilengedwe ndi ayesedwa zoipa, chifukwa zochita zake chifukwa zotsatira za misa, makamaka:

• pakuleka imfa;
• kusintha kwa nyengo chifukwa kosangalatsa mu mpweya zikuchokera mlengalenga;
• kuchepetsa chivundikiro nkhalango;
• zosinthidwa ndi chiwonongeko cha madera wapadera ndi malo;
• zikutha m'mayiko kwa zachilengedwe;
• chipululu ndipo kukokoloka kwa nthaka ;
• kudzikundikira zinyalala banja ndi kuipitsa;
• kusintha nyumba topezeka;
• kupatulira wa wosanjikiza ozoni.

M'pofunikanso kuganizira ogula mtima kwa anthu ndiponso dziko kuganiza ngati kusunga chikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ake zazikulu. Pambuyo misozi si wovuta, koma ngati ine ndingakhoze kulenga?