The Punic nkhondo yachiwiri (218-201 BCE ..): Zoyambitsa, zotsatira zake. Chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa Carthage mu Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo. ndi kusiyana Choyamba ndi Chachiwiri Punic Nkhondo chiyani?

Nkhondo ya Rome ndi Carthage zatenga malo kwambiri mbiri ya World Ancient. Iwo kwakhudza chitukuko winanso wa Mediterranean ndi onse a ku Ulaya. Chachiwiri nkhondo Punic zaka 218-201. BC. e. - yowala atatu zinachitika. Komanso iwo akutchedwa Hannibalic nkhondo, kapena nkhondo Hannibal. Kuwonjezera Rome ndi Carthage nkhondoyo anatenga gawo Numidia, Pegamo, Aetolian League, Surakusa, Achaean League ndi Macedonia.

prehistory

Mu 242 BC. e. mtendere pangano kuti anathetsa Choyamba Punic nkhondo yosainidwa. Chifukwa cha mgwirizano umenewu, Carthage kuugwira wa ndalama kwa umwini wa Sicily, malonda pafupifupi yekha wa Carthaginians mu Mediterranean kumadzulo anali kwambiri kuonongeka ndi Rome. Pomaliza, Carthage anali mu vuto lachuma, ndi mafumu ake kulamulira Barkidov - pa sangathe ku zipani zandale - otsutsa walimbikitsa. Ngakhale ndiye zinaonekeratu kuti posachedwapa ayenera kutenga malo Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo pakati Rome ndi Carthage kuwononga mmodzi wa iwo, ndiko. Kwa. Mphamvu kuwiri ku Mediterranean munalibe malo.

Mpikisano Spain

Hamilcar, mkulu Carthaginian mkulu wa asilikali, anapezerapo ndawala kwa anagonjetsa madera Spanish. Choyamba, ndi Iberia anali wolemera kwambiri zachilengedwe, ndipo kachiwiri, ku Spain akhoza kukhala wokongola mwamphamvu kufika Italy. Hamilcar, pamodzi ndi mwana wake m'chilamulo Hasdrubal anali yogwira kukuza malire a Carthage pafupifupi zaka 10 mpaka kuzinga Helice anaphedwa. Hasdrubal anzake analinso wovulalayo wa Ibero-wakunja ku New Carthage, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi iye.

Latsopano Carthage Pasanapite pakati pa lonse kumadzulo malonda Mediterranean, komanso likulu puniyskih katundu. Choncho, Carthage osati kulipidwa zochokera cha kumapeto kwa nkhondo Choyamba ndi Rome, koma analinso ndi misika yatsopano, ndi mabomba siliva wa Spain Barkidov Polemeretsedwa ndi kuwavula adani awo andale thandizo lililonse. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Punic zaka 218-201. BC. e. Izo zinali kokha nkhani ya nthawi.

Rome nkhawa

andale Roma ndi atsogoleri a asilikali anali kwambiri kupeza mphamvu Carthage. Rome anamvetsa kuti akadali si mochedwa kwambiri kuti asiye punov, koma patapita kanthawi kudzakhala kovuta. Choncho, Aroma adayamba kupeza chowiringula poyambitsa nkhondo. Pa moyo wa bambo Hannibal, ndipo Hamilcar, kumalire a Iber Mtsinje zinachitikadi pakati Carthage ndi Rome ku Spain.

Rome ndipamene mgwirizano ndi Soguntom. Iye anali bwino ukuperekedwa Carthage, ndipo makamaka kusiya pasadakhale ake ena kumpoto. Chiyambi cha Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo itayandikira, Rome sanafune ngati lamphamvu loyandikana nalo, komanso kulankhula mu nkhope ya munthu wankhanza iye sakanakhoza, kotero kugwirizana ndi Soguntom anali anamaliza. Zikuonekeratu kuti Rome osati n'cholinga kuteteza angakuthandizeni, koma kuukira iye Carthage inapatsa poyambitsa nkhondo.

Hannibal ku Barkidov mzera

Hannibal amayembekezeka kukhala chizindikiro cha nkhondo yolimbana ndi ulamuliro wa Aroma ku Mediterranean, izo anakwanitsa kuchita zimene palibe amene amadzinenera kuchita. Iye anali wodziwa nkhondo mtsogoleri ndi wolamulira, asilikali ankawalemekeza, osati kubadwa kwake mkulu, ndi zofunika munthu ndi makhalidwe utsogoleri.

Kuyambira ali mwana Hamilcar bambo anatenga mwana wake kunkhondo. Pa moyo wake wamkulu, iye anali m'misasa ya asilikali, kumene mwana anali kuyang'ana ndi imfa. Mu maso ake anali kupha ambiri, anthu mazanamazana, mwinanso zikwi za anthu. Iye amakonda izi. Zonse maphunziro Hannibal anapatukira womenya mwaluso, ndi kuphunzira zokhudza nkhondo - mu namatetule asilikali. Nthawiyi Hamilcar anachita zonse kuti kuyandikira pa Agiriki, choncho anaphunzitsa zilembo Greek mwana wake kuti aphunzitse chikhalidwe cha Agiriki. Atate sadadziwe kanthu popanda ogwirizana ndi Rome, ndi kuphunzitsa ana awo chikhalidwe chawo, komanso kukhala mu Union. Yofunika kwambiri mu ndondomeko imeneyi anali kusewera Hannibal. Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo kuganizira kwa zaka zambiri. Ndipo analumbira adzawononga Rome pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake.

Zimayambitsa nkhondo

Pali zifukwa zazikulu zitatu zimene zinachititsa kuti mliri wa nkhondo yachiwiri pakati Rome ndi Carthage:

1. zotsatira achipongwe kwa Carthage, pansi pa mawu a pangano mtendere umene anathetsa Choyamba Punic nkhondo.

2. The kukula mofulumira madera a Carthage ndi patsogolo ake likuvutika zigawo wolemera Spain, zomwe zinachititsa kulimbitsa mphamvu asilikali.

3. Kugonjetsedwa ndi adani a Carthage Rome Sogunta mgwirizano umene unali chifukwa boma, lomwe zinachititsa Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo anali dzikolo. The zifukwa zambiri ofunda kuposa weniweni, ndipo komabe iwo zinachititsa kuti mmodzi wa mikangano lalikulu onse m'mbiri yakale.

Inayamba nkhondo

Atamwalira Hamilcar ndi Hasdrubal mkulu wa wakupha anasankhidwa Hannibal. Kenako ndinangowasiya zaka 25, iye anali wodzaza ndi mphamvu ndi mtima kuwononga Rome. Komanso, iye anali akonzedwa mwachilungamo zabwino zokhudza zochitika usilikali ndipo, ndithudi, utsogoleri.

Hannibal kwa aliyense palibe chinsinsi chimene iye akufuna kuukira Sogunt, amene anali ndi amene angakuthandizeni wa Rome, ndipo motero kuchita nkhondo yomaliza. Komabe, Hannibal sankafuna kumenyana choyamba. Anaonetsetsa kuti Sogunt anaukira mafuko Spain ameneŵa kuti anali pansi pa mphamvu ya Carthage, ndipo patapita kuti anasamukira mphamvu ku "akagwiriridwa". Hannibal moyenerera anadziwa kuti Roma sangatengere chithandizo asilikali Soguntu, T. Kwa. Iye anatsogolera kukamenyana ndi Gauls ndi achifwamba Illyrian. Kuzinga Sogunta inatenga miyezi 7, kenako linga analandidwa. Rome sanali kupereka thandizo la asilikali kuti angakuthandizeni ake. Atakhala Sogunta Rome anatumiza akazembe kuti Carthage, omwe kulengeza nkhondo. Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo anayamba!

Nkhondo

nkhondo kwa zaka zoposa 15. Panthawi imeneyi, pafupifupi sanaleke kusiyana kulikonse pakati Rome ndi Carthage, kapena pakati pa anzawo. Inapha anthu ambiri. Kwa zaka mwayi wadutsa kuchokera ku dzanja m'manja, ngati nthawi yoyamba ya nkhondo, mwayi anali kumbali ya Hannibal, patapita kanthawi Aroma kunakulirakulira kuchititsa angapo kulephera lalikulu Poonam mu dera la Iberia ndipo Africa North. Hannibal motero anakhalabe pa za Apennine chilumba. Mu Italy, Hannibal yekha yapindula wabwino, kukakamiza akunjenjemera ndi dzina lake lonse m'dera anthu.

Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo anasonyeza kuti Hannibal sanali ofanana nkhondo lotseguka. Tikutero chifukwa Nkhondo ya Mtsinje Ticino ndi Trebbia, pafupi Trasimeno Nyanja ndi, ndithudi, lodziwika bwino nkhondo ya Cannae, amene sewn mu mbiri ankhondo a ulusi wofiira.

Kumenyana zinachitika amadzibisa zingapo: ku Italy, Spain, Sicily, Africa North ndi Macedonia, koma "injini" wa Carthage ndi ogwirizana ake akhala asilikali Hannibal wa iye mwini. Choncho Rome anapereka palokha cholinga cha "magazi" izo, kutchinga njira katundu, zida ndi reinforcements nkhondo ku Italy. Rome anachita, atazindikira kuti Hannibal choyamba muyenera utsi popanda nkhondo atamanga, kenako kumaliza. Ndondomeko analibe bwino, koma pamaso pake Rome anagonja akutiakuti, makamaka koyenera kuona nkhondo ya Cannae. Nkhondoyi wa Carthage wogwidwa asilikali 50,000 Rome - 90 000. N'zovuta kuwirikiza kawiri, koma ngakhale woterowo ukulu n'zosangalatsa kumva za Roma sakanakhoza kupambana. Pankhondo 70,000 asilikali achiroma 16,000 anatengedwa mkaidi, pamene Hannibal anataya anthu 6000 chokha anaphedwa.

Chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa Carthage mu Chachiwiri Punic Nkhondo

Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zinachititsa kuti chigonjetso cha Rome. Choyamba, chiri choona kuti asilikali Carthaginian inkakhala makamaka a mercenaries, chimene chinali mwamtheradi zofunika amene akulimbana - iwo omwe pantchitoyi. No kukonda kwambiri dziko lawo pakati mercenaries sanali, mosiyana ndi Aroma, omwe anali kuteteza dziko lawo.

Kachiwiri Carthaginians okha inali ku Africa, nthawi zambiri sindikumvetsa chifukwa chimene iwo ayenera nkhondo imeneyi. Domestically, mu utangoyamba Barkidov kutsutsidwa kwambiri, amene anatsutsa nkhondo ndi Rome. Ngakhale pamene nkhondo ya Cannae Carthage oligarchs opanda chidwi anatumiza reinforcements kuti Hannibal, ngakhale buku lino akhoza kukhala wamkulu kwambiri, kenako zotsatira za nkhondo akanakhala osiyana. Chinthu kuti amaopa kulimbitsa mphamvu ya Hannibal ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa olamulira ankhanza a, kuseri kwake kuti kunali chiwonongeko cha oligarchy gulu la chikhalidwe.

Chachitatu, kupanduka ndi chinyengo, mabodza kudikirira pa khwerero liri wa Carthage, ndi kusowa kwa thandizo angakuthandizeni chenicheni - Macedonia.

Chachinayi, ndi, ndithudi, katswiri wa sukulu wa asilikali, amene panthawi ya nkhondo yakhala zambiri pamoyo. Komabe, ku Roma, nkhondo imeneyi wakhala vuto linalake, kuvala anangotsala pang'ono kupulumuka mabwalo a Roma. Chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa Carthage mu Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo ukhoza ati, koma onse kutsatira kuyambira izi 4 kutsogolera waukulu kugonjetsedwa kwa mmodzi wa makamu wamphamvu wa dziko wakale.

Mosiyana Chachiwiri ku Choyamba Punic Nkhondo

nkhondo awiri anali osiyana kwambiri, ngakhale ali ndi dzina ofanana. Woyamba anali aukali mbali zonse, izo anayamba chifukwa cha mkangano pakati Rome ndi Carthage kwa malo a chilumba wachuma wa Sicily. Wachiwiri anali aukali okha ku Carthage, asilikali achiroma anachita ntchito ya ufulu.

Zotsatira mu Choyamba ndi Chachiwiri Nkhondo - chigonjetso cha Rome, chopereka yaikulu oletsa Carthage, atakhala malire. Pambuyo mapeto a Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo, vutoli, zotsatira ndi tanthauzo la m'mbiri n'zovuta Musaone, Carthage kwathunthu sanaloledwe kukhala ndi mndandanda. Iye Katundu onse kunja, izo woyikidwa msonkho wokwera kwa zaka 50. Komanso, iye sakanakhoza nkhondo popanda chilolezo cha Rome.

Chachiwiri Punic nkhondo angasinthe kalekale, ngati mkulu wa asilikali a Hannibal wa Carthage anali ndi thandizo lochuluka m'dzikoli. Iye akanakhoza lingasinthe Rome. Pamene zonsezi zinali kupita, chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Cannae Rome anali ndi khamu lalikulu angathe kokana Carthage, Hannibal, koma pamene magulu zilipo sangathe kugwila bwino zokhalamo Rome. Iye anali kuyembekezera thandizo ku Africa ndi kugalukira a mizinda Italy ndi Rome, koma woyamba kapena wachiwiri, iye sanayembekezere ...