The masamu kwambiri Gauss: yonena, photos, kutsegula

Masamu Gauss anali munthu wotetezedwa. Eric Temple Bell, amene anaphunzira mbiri wake, amakhulupirira kuti ngati Gauss anali kafukufuku ake onse ndi kufufuza mu nthawi zonse ndi pa, izo zikhoza kukhala theka la dazeni wotchuka masamu. Ndipo kotero iwo anali kucheza nawo mkango nthawi kuti ayambe wasayansi kapena deta zina. Ndipotu iye kawirikawiri lofalitsidwa njira, nthawi zonse anali kungofuna chotsatira. A masamu wolemekezeka, munthu chachilendo ndi inimitable umunthu - ziri zonse Carl Friedrich Gauss.

zaka zoyambirira

Tsogolo masamu Gauss anabadwa pa 30.04.1777, ndi Izi, ndithudi, chinthu chachilendo, koma anthu kwambiri anabadwira ku mabanja osauka zambiri. Izo zinachitika pa nthawi imeneyi. agogo ake anali mlimi wamba, ndi atate wake ntchito mu Duchy wa Brunswick munda, omanga kapena plumber. Makolo atamva kuti mwana wawo prodigy, pamene mwana ali ndi zaka ziwiri. Patapita chaka chimodzi, Carl kale amadziwa kuwerenga, kuwerenga ndi kulemba.

Kusukulu, mphunzitsi anaona luso lake pamene apatsidwa ntchito kuwerengera ndalama za manambala kuyambira 1 mpaka 100. Gauss anatha mofulumira kumvetsa kuti manambala onse kwambiri ziwirizi ndi 101, ndi masekondi angapo, anaganiza aone kuti pali ichi ndi kuchulukitsa 101 ndi 50.

Young masamu mwayi kwambiri ndi aphunzitsi. Chimene chinamuthandiza mu chirichonse, ngakhale kuyesetsa kuti stipend novice talente. Mothandizidwa ndi Carl anakwanitsa maphunziro a ukachenjede (1795).

studentship

Nditamaliza maphunziro a kukoleji Gauss kuphunzira pa yunivesite ya Göttingen. imeneyi biographers m'moyo amatchedwa zibereke kwambiri. Panthawi imeneyi anatha kutsimikizira kuti kulimbitsa heptadecagon pogwiritsa ntchito kampasi, n'zotheka. Iye anati: Mungamuyandikile semnadtsatiugolnik osati ena polygons zonse, pogwiritsa ntchito kampasi ndi straightedge.

Pa University of Gauss amayamba kukhala ndi kope wapadera, amene amaika zolembedwa zonse zokhudza kafukufuku. Ambiri a iwo anali atabisala kwa diso anthu. Anzake, iye nthawi zonse kuti sangathe kufalitsa kafukufuku kapena chilinganizo, amene si 100% zedi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ambiri maganizo ake anapeza mwa masamu ena zaka 30.

"Masamu kafukufuku"

Pamodzi ndi mapeto a masamu yunivesite Gauss inatha ntchito yake yodziŵika "masamu kafukufuku" (1798), koma linasindikizidwa patapita zaka ziwiri.

Ntchito imeneyi ndi yaikulu kwambiri kupeza pofuna masamu (makamaka masamu ameneŵa, ndi masamu Apamwamba). Kwambiri ntchito lolunjika pa malongosoledwe a abiogenesis mitundu quadratic. Biographers amanena kuti ali pano kuti kuyamba kutsegula Gauss mu masamu. Ndipotu iye anali masamu woyamba amene anali kugwira ntchito zowerengetsa tuzigawo twa n'kuzisintha bwinobwino.

Komanso mu bukhu, mungapeze mawonedwe wathunthu maikwezhoni cyclotomic. Gauss mwaluso ntchito mfundo imeneyi ndi akuyesera kuthetsa vuto la kutsatira polygons ndi mkulu ndi kampasi. Kutsimikizira Mwina izi, Carl Gauss (masamu) anayambitsanso mndandanda wa nambala, yotchedwa manambala Gauss (3, 5, 17, 257, 65337). Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndi zinthu zophweka malo, mukhoza kuyamba 3-gon, 5-gon, 17-gon, etc. Koma 7-gon kumanga sizigwira ntchito, chifukwa 7 si "chiwerengero cha Gauss." Ndi "wake" chiwerengero masamu imanenanso awiriawiri kuti kuchulukitsa mlingo uliwonse nkhani yake manambala (2 ^3, 2, ^5, etc.)

chotsatirachi angatchedwe "oyera kuli Lingaliro Lovomerezeka". Monga tanenera kale pa chiyambi, Gauss ankakonda kufalitsa zotsatira komaliza, koma anasonyeza njira. Mofananamo, mu nkhani iyi, ndi masamu ananena kuti kumanga ndi polygon zonse si weniweni, amene osati mwachindunji chimodzimodzi momwe angachitire izo.

Zakuthambo ndi mfumukazi ya sayansi

mu 1799. Carl Gauss (masamu) amalandira udindo wa pulofesa wothandizira Braunshveynskogo University. Patapita zaka ziwiri, iye anapatsidwa malo mu St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, pamene iye akutumikira monga mtolankhani wina. Iye akupitirizabe kuphunzira chiphunzitso cha manambala, koma osiyanasiyana zofuna zake kukodzedwa pambuyo yoyamba ya dziko laling'ono. Gauss amayesetsa kuwerengera ndi kukhazikitsa malo ake enieni. Ambiri amadabwa dzina la dzikoli kompyuta masamu Gauss. Komabe, pang'ono kudziwa kuti Ceres - si dziko limodzi lokha ndi wasayansi ntchito.

Mu 1801, nthawi yoyamba latsopano lakumwamba thupi anatulukira. Izo zinachitika modzidzimutsa monga mwadzidzidzi, dziko chinatayika. Gauss anayesa kupeza ake, kutsatira njira masamu, ndipo, oddly mokwanira, izo zinali ndendende momwe zisonga asayansi.

Zakuthambo wasayansi chinkhoswe mu zaka zoposa ziwiri. World kutchukitsa afika Gauss (masamu mwini zinthu zambiri) kudziwa kanjira mothandizidwa ndi kuyang'anila atatu. kuzipenya atatu - malo amene dziko ili mu nyengo zosiyana nthawi. Mothandizidwa ndi zizindikiro izi kachiwiri anapeza Ceres. Mu njira yomweyo tinapeza kudziko lina. Mu 1802, pamene anafunsa dzina la dzikoli, anapeza masamu Gauss akhoza kuyankha: "Pallada". Akuthamanga pang'ono patsogolo, ndi Dziwani kuti mu 1923 dzina la masamu wotchuka wotchedwa asteroid lalikulu makina a Mars. Gauss, kapena asteroid 1001 - ndi kuboma dziko masamu Gauss.

Amenewa anali maphunziro oyamba m'munda wa zakuthambo. Mwina kuganizira za nyenyezi chifukwa chakuti munthu chidwi ndi manambala akudzipereka kuyamba banja. Mu 1805 n'kukwatira Johann Ostgof. mgwirizano umenewu wabadwa banja ndi ana atatu, koma mwana wamng'ono anamwalira ali wakhanda.

Mu 1806 anamwalira Duke, amene ankalimbikitsa pa masamu. mayiko a ku Ulaya mopikisana Gauss kuyamba kuitana yokha. Kuyambira 1807 mpaka masiku ake otsiriza Gauss mitu dipatimenti pa University of Göttingen.

Mu 1809, mkazi woyamba afa masamu mu chaka chomwecho Gauss limafalitsa chilengedwe watsopano - ". The mawonedwe a kayendedwe ka matupi akumwamba" buku lotchedwa Njira ankatha kuwerengetsera zili m'njira ya mapulaneti, zimene ntchito imeneyi, akugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano (ngakhale ndi kusinthidwa zazing'ono).

Main Lingaliro Lovomerezeka la ajebura

Chiyambi cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi Germany anakumana mu mkhalidwe chisokonezo ndi kuwola. Zaka zimenezo zinali zovuta masamu, koma akupitiriza moyo pa. Mu 1810 Gauss kachiwiri zomangira mfundo - Minna Waldeck. Mwa izi zikuoneka ana atatu more: Teresa, William ndi Eugen. 1810 analinso chaka yodalirika mphoto yapamwamba ndi n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi.

Gauss akupitiriza ntchito yake m'minda ya zakuthambo ndi masamu, akuyendayenda zigawo zambiri osadziwika wa sayansi izi. buku lake loyamba Lingaliro Lovomerezeka chachikulu ajebura unalembedwa 1815. The lingaliro lalikulu ndi zotsatirazi: chiwerengero cha mizu ya polenomiyo ndi mwachindunji njila kwa mlingo wake. Kenako, mawu ndi maonekedwe osiyana pang'ono chiwerengero cha digiri, si wolingana ndi ziro, ndi zolemba, ali muzu chimodzi.

Iye loyamba anali kuti ngakhale mu 1799, koma sanasangalale ndi ntchito yake, choncho buku la linasindikizidwa zaka 16 koma kenako ena kusinthidwa, kuwonjezapo ndi kuwerengetsera.

Non-Euclidean chiphunzitso

Malinga ndi malipoti, mu 1818 Gauss anatha woyamba kumanga maziko omwe sanali Euclidean masamu, amene Lingaliro Lovomerezeka zingatheke kwenikweni. Euclidean Masamu ndi mbali ya sayansi, distinguishable ku Euclidean. Mbali yaikulu ya Euclidean Masamu - pamaso pa axioms ndi theorems kuti sitingafunikire kutero mwapadera. Mu buku lake, "Zochitika", Euclid anavomereza kuti kuitenga mopepuka, chifukwa iwo sizingasinthidwe. Gauss anali woyamba amene anakwanitsa kutsimikizira kuti chiphunzitso Euclid sangathe nthawi zonse kumwedwa popanda kulungamitsidwa, chifukwa nthawi zina iwo alibe olimba m'munsi mwa umboni komwe kumakwanitsa zofunikira za zimenezo. Choncho si Euclidean Masamu. Kumene, kachitidwe zofunika zojambula ankagwidwa ndi Lobachevsky ndi Riemann, koma Gauss - masamu, akhoza kuyang'ana mwakuya ndi kupeza choonadi, - chinali chiyambi cha ichi Masamu gawo.

geodesy

Mu 1818, boma la Hanover amazindikira kuti pali kufunika kuyeza ufumu, ndipo ntchito imeneyi inali Carl Friedrich Gauss. Kufufuza mu masamu sinathe, koma titangogula apamtima latsopano. Akufotokozera akufunika kuti ntchito kompyuta kuphatikiza. Amenewa anaphatikizapo njira ya Gauss a "lalikulu yaing'ono", amene anamuukitsa kwa latsopano mlingo yoyeza.

Iye amayenera kupanga mapu ndi kusamalira malo kujambula. Izi walola kudziwa latsopano ndi kupulumutsa zatsopano watsopano, kotero mu 1821 anayamba kulemba ntchito anadzipereka kwa geodesy. Izi Gauss ntchito lofalitsidwa mu 1827, lotchedwa "General kusanthula pamalo m'goli." Chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi, Masamu mkati mwa anabisala aja anaikidwapo. Masamu ankakhulupirira kuti m'pofunika kuganizira zinthu zimene zili padziko, monga katundu wa pamwamba, powasamalira kutalika pamapindikira koma kunyalanyaza deta ya danga yozungulira. Chinachake kenako, chiphunzitso ichi chakhala wodzilemekeza ndi ntchito za Riemann ndi A. Alexandrov.

Zikomo kuti ntchito imeneyi ndi asayansi anayamba kutuluka maganizo "ya Gauss kupindika" (kuthandauza ndege ya kupindika muyeso kuti ina). Umayamba kulibe masiyanidwe Masamu. Ndipo kuzipenya zinthu molondola, Carl Friedrich Gauss (masamu) kumabweretsa njira yatsopano chopezera mfundo Mwina mkulu.

zimango

Mu 1824, Gauss anali mu absentia m'gulu mamembala a St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Pa adakwaniritsa sikuthetsa, komabe ndi zovuta kuchita masamu ndipo akupereka anapeza latsopano: "ya Gauss integers". Pansipa iwo amatanthauza manambala ndi lenileni ndi kungoganiza gawo, yomwe ndi integers. Ndipotu, katundu amatikumbutsa integers ya Gauss wabwinobwino, koma anthu makhalidwe pang'ono chosiyana ungatithandize kutsimikizira lamulo la reciprocity biquadratic.

Pa nthawi iliyonse, iye anali inimitable. Gauss - masamu, kutsegula amene kotero zogwirizana ndi moyo, - wapanga kusintha latsopano mu zimango mu 1829. Panthawi imeneyi unaturuka ntchito pang'ono "Pa mfundo yatsopano chilengedwe okonzera". Iwo Gauss likutsimikizira kuti mfundo zotsatira ang'onoang'ono, tinganenedi ankaona mawonedwe watsopano zimango. Asayansi kutsimikizira kuti mfundo imeneyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito machitidwe onse makina omwe olumikizidwa pamodzi.

sayansi

Kuyambira 1831 Gauss akuyamba akudwala tulo kwambiri. matenda unaonekera pambuyo pa imfa ya mkazi wachiwiri. Iye amafuna kutonthozedwa, latsopano kafukufuku ndi anzawo. Choncho, chifukwa atandipempha Weber anafika ku Göttingen. Ndi mnyamata wodziwa munthu Gauss mofulumira kupeza chinenero. Onsewo mokhudza za sayansi ndi ludzu kudziwa ali ndi chinatha, kugawana chitsanzo chawo, nzeru ndi zokumana nazo. okonda izi zimamasuliridwa mwamsanga malonda, kuthera nthawi yake kuphunzira magetsi.

Gauss, masamu, amene yonena uli wamtengo wapatali sayansi, mu 1832, analenga mayunitsi mtheradi, amene amagwiritsa ntchito mu sayansi. Iye anasankha malo zitatu: zaka, kulemera ndi mtunda (kutalika). Pamodzi ndi kupezeka mu 1833, chifukwa cha kafukufuku limodzi ndi wasayansi Weber, Gauss anatha kuyambitsa telegalamu mu atomu.

1839 anaona amasulidwe ntchito ina - ". Pa General abiogenesis yokoka ndi repulsion, amene mwachindunji njila kwa mtunda" Pamasamba anafotokoza lamulo wotchuka Gauss a (amatchedwanso Lingaliro Lovomerezeka Gauss, kapena kungoti Gauss ndi Lingaliro Lovomerezeka). Lamulo limeneli ndi chimodzi mwa nkhani zikuluzikulu electrodynamics. Iwo amasonyeza ubale panopa magetsi ndi kuchuluka kwa woyang'anira padziko, divisible mu zonse magetsi.

Mu chaka chomwecho Gauss katswiri Chirasha. Iye akutumiza makalata St. Petersburg ndi pempho kumtumizako mabuku Russian ndi magazini, makamaka iye ankafuna kuti ayanjane ndi ntchito ya "Mwanawe The Captain wa." Izi mfundo mbiri zikutsimikizira kuti, kuwonjezera luso mawerengedwe, Gauss anali kwambiri zinthu zina ndi zosangalatsa.

munthu chabe

Gauss konse mofulumira kufalitsa. Iye anali ndi yaitali ndi mosamala kufufuzidwa aliyense ntchito yake. Pakuti masamu onse anali ofunika: kuyambira dongosolo lokhazikika, kutsiriza ndi kukongola ndipo mwa njira yosavuta. Iye ankakonda kunena kuti ntchito yake - ngati nyumba yomangidwa kumene. Mwini kusonyeza kokha chifukwa komaliza, koma osati zotsalira za nkhalango kuti ntchito kukhala pa malo okhalamo a. Komanso ndi ntchito yake: Gauss ankakhulupirira kuti munthu sayenera kusonyeza drafts akhakula kafukufuku okha yomalizidwa deta, mfundo, mitunduyi.

Gauss nthawi wasonyeza chidwi mwa sayansi, koma makamaka anali ndi chidwi masamu, amene ankaona "mfumukazi ya sayansi onse." Ndipo chilengedwe n'zoperewera nzeru zake ndi maluso. Ngakhale mu ukalamba wake, iye, mwachizolowezi, anakhala kuwerengetsera zovuta kwambiri m'maganizo. masamu A sizinachitikepo sagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yawo. Ngati aliyense, anachita mantha kuti m'nthawi yake sanamvetse. Mu kalata yake, Carl limanena kuti wotopa nthawi zonse teeter pa mphepete: ". Chisa hornet ndi wosasamala" pa dzanja limodzi, iye ankasangalala kwambiri kuthandiza sayansi, koma ena, sanafune kuti uyitakase

Pa moyo wake Gauss anakhala mu Göttingen, kamodzi kokha iye anali kupita Berlin pa msonkhano sayansi. Iye akhoza kukhala nthawi yayitali kuchita kafukufuku, zatsopano anapezazo kapena miyezo, koma sanali mwayi wophunzitsa. Zimenezi ankakhulupirira yekha pamoyo osauka, koma ngati anaonekera mu gulu la ophunzira luso, anapulumutsa palibe nthawi iwo, palibe mphamvu ndipo kwa zaka zambiri anakhalabe lokwanira mafunso sayansi.

Carl Friedrich Gauss, masamu, chithunzi, amene pali m'nkhani ino analidi munthu chodabwitsa. Apadera ukatswiri akhoza kudzitama osati masamu komanso ndi zilankhulo "anali bwenzi." Bwino Latin, English ndi French, wakhala katswiri ngakhale Russian. Masamu kuwerenga osati memoir sayansi, komanso zopeka wamba. Makamaka iye ankakonda mankhwala Dickens, Swift ndi Valtera Skotta. Pambuyo ana ake wamng'ono anasamuka ku United States, Gauss anakhala chidwi olemba American. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kusiya Chidanishi, Swedish, Italy ndi mabuku Spanish. ntchito ya masamu ndithudi kuwerenga oyambirira.

Gauss amatenga udindo ndiwofatsa mu moyo wapoyera. Kuyambira ali mwana, iye anawamvera amadalira anthu audindo. Ngakhale pamene yunivesite ku 1837 anayamba kuukira ndi mfumu, amene kudula aphunzitsi okhutira, Karl chiyani saletsa.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Mu 1849 Gauss m'pamene chikumbutso 50 tili ndi digiri ntchito. Kwa iye anabwera ndi masamu wotchuka, ndipo anasangalala kwambiri kuposa kuyenerera wa mphoto ina. Mu zaka zomalizira za moyo wake chifukwa ambiri odwala Carl Gauss. Masamu zinali zovuta muziyendayenda, koma zikumveka ndi sharpness wa sadzakopeka kuwakhaulitsa.

Atatsala pang'ono kufa thanzi Gauss anakula. Madokotala anandipeza ndi matenda a mtima ndi maganizo mantha. Mankhwala sizinathandize mwakuchitika.

Masamu Gauss anafa pa February 23, 1855, pa usinkhu wa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu. The wasayansi wotchuka anaikidwa Göttingen ndipo, monga mwa chifuniro chake chatha, analembedwa pa tombstone heptadecagon. Kenako, izo kusindikiza zithunzi pa masitampu ndi banknotes, dziko nthawi zonse woganiza zabwino.

Izi zinali Carl Friedrich Gauss - zachilendo, anzeru ndi aluntha. Ndipo ngati mudzapempha m'dzina la dziko masamu Gauss, mukhoza umo_mosangalala Yankho: "Asayansi", chifukwa iwo, pamoyo wake.