The General Chiphunzitsochi wa Systems wa Ludwig Von Bertalanffy ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi

Austria wasayansi-zamoyo, amene ankakhala mu Canada ndi United States, Ludwig Von Bertalanffy, mu 1937, kwa nthawi yoyamba atapereka njira zosiyanasiyana, umene pambuyo amaphatikizidwa mu lingaliro limodzi. Iye ananena kuti "Maganizo ambiri kachitidwe." Ndi chiyani icho? Izi lingaliro maphunziro a sayansi zinthu zosiyanasiyana sankaoneka ngati kachitidwe.

Ganizo zoyambirira za chiphunzitso akufuna chinali choona kuti malamulo dongosolo akutsutsa - wina, yemweyo kachitidwe zosiyanasiyana. M'pomveka kunena kuti lingaliro lalikulu Bertalanffy anaikidwa akatswiri osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Aleksandrom Aleksandrovichem Bogdanovym, Russian nzeru zapamwamba, wolemba wandale, dokotala, mu ntchito yake lofunika "Tectology" lomwe linalembedwa ndi iye mu 1912. AA Bogdanov wamanga nawo mbali pa zinthu zisinthe, koma m'mbali zambiri samagwirizana ndi VI Lenin. October zisinthe sanatenge, koma, koma anapitiriza kugwirizana ndi Bolsheviks, anakonza woyamba unali Russian Institute of magazi ndi kuvala kuyesera dokotala. Iye anafa mu 1928. anthu ochepa amene amadziwa bwino lero kuti m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri Russian wasayansi ndi physiologist VM BEKHTEREV kaya AA Bogdanova, anafotokoza oposa 20 malamulo konsekonse mu munda wa njira maganizo ndi chikhalidwe.

kachitidwe General chiphunzitso amaphunzira osiyana mitundu, kachitidwe, dongosolo, ndondomeko, ntchito yawo ndi Development, gulu la zigawo za misinkhu structural ndi masanjidwe, ndi zambiri. Bertalanffy komanso ankafufuza otchedwa machitidwe lotseguka kuti kuwombola ufulu mphamvu, kanthu ndi mfundo chilengedwe.

kachitidwe General chiphunzitso panopa akufufuza dongosolo lonse malamulo amenewa ndi mfundo monga amanena za semiotic kupitiriza, mfundo ya zotsatilazi, gulu kupitiriza, interoperability, Gona ndi matanthauzo wowonjezera, lamulo la wogonjera zosiyanasiyana, masanjidwe malipilo mfundo monocentrism malamulo osachepera, lamulo la osachepera kukana wachibale , kunja Kuwonjezera mfundo recursive nyumba Lingaliro Lovomerezeka, chilamulo ndi zina zambiri zosiyana.

The zikuchitika a sayansi za kachitidwe kukhala Bertalanffy. kachitidwe General chiphunzitso ndi ofanana kwambiri kuti zolinga za kafukufuku kapena njira cybernetics - sayansi ya malamulo onse a ndondomeko kasamalidwe ndi kupereka mauthenga mu machitidwe osiyana (mawotchi, kwachilengedwenso kapena chikhalidwe); mudziwe chiphunzitso - nthambi ya masamu kumene kumatsimikizira mfundo zambiri, malamulo ake ndi katundu; masewera chiphunzitso, kusanthula ndi masamu mpikisano awiri kapena mphamvu zambiri lotsutsa kuti apeze phindu pazipita ndi imfa osachepera; chisankho chiphunzitso, kupenda kusankha zomveka mwa njira zina zosiyanasiyana; Chinthu kusanthula ntchito ndondomeko ya Kugawilidwa kwanthaka zinthu mu zochitika ndi zosintha zambiri.

Masiku ano, ambiri chiphunzitso kachitidwe Iwo anapatsidwa kutsogolera zamphamvu chitukuko mu synergy. Prigogine ndi Haken kufufuza machitidwe nonequilibrium, nyumba dissipative ndi mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito mu kachitidwe lotseguka. Komanso, chiphunzitso cha Bertalanffy kuonetsetsa ngati Akutsatira amalanga sayansi monga machitidwe zomangamanga - nzeru za dongosolo mapulani, kamangidwe, kuwunika ndi kamangidwe ka machitidwe a mawonekedwe "munthu makina"; zomangamanga zamaganizo; munda chiphunzitso cha khalidwe Lewin; Ntchito Research - sayansi zigawo zikuluzikulu ulamuliro wa zamalonda (anthu, makina, zipangizo, ndalama, etc.); SMD-njira, amene anali mwakuchita GP Shchedrovitskii, anzake ndi ophunzira; chiphunzitso cha yofunika payekha W. Merlin, maziko a omwenso taonazi chiphunzitso ambiri kachitidwe Bertalanffy.