Religion mu Russia. chipembedzo State ndi zipembedzo zina za Russia zamakono

M'nkhaniyi tiona adzayankha funso zimene chipembedzo mu Russia kulibe. chipembedzo Russian ndi ya zipembedzo, anagwirizana ndi maiko Russian. Pamene dziko yanu, pa Constitution imalongosola Russia, akuchita 1993.

ufulu Kodi a chipembedzo? Lamulo lalikulu ladziko ili chikalata limene limatipatsa ulamuliro, chipembedzo, ufulu wa chikumbumtima. Imakhala ndi ufulu amati payekha kapena ichitikire ndi ena, chikhulupiriro kapena ayi kukhulupirira chirichonse. Ndi chikalata ichi, inu momasuka kulimbikitsa kusankha kukhala achipembedzo ndipo ena zikhulupiriro ntchito mogwirizana ndi iwo. Amadziwika kuti lamulo la feduro pa September 26, 1997 № 125-P "Pa coalitions zipembedzo ndi ufulu chikumbumtima," akutitsimikizira "kufanana pamaso pa lamulo, mosaganizira za maganizo ndi makhalidwe a chikhulupiriro."

Mu Russia, palibe yeniyeni boma boma thupi kuwayang'anira zoletsedwa ndi malamulo a zipembedzo. Amadziwika kuti ku Soviet Union pansi Bungwe la nduna za Council zinalili za Zipembedzo.

tizikhulupiriro Basic, kuonekera mu Russia, ndi: Chibuda, Islam ndi Chikhristu (Chiprotestanti, ziphunzitso ndi Chikatolika). Pa yomweyo gawo a anthu Russian Mulungu sakhulupirira.

chiwerengero cha wokhulupirika

Kodi umboni ukudziwa Mulungu? Tikufuna kukuuzani kuti umboni wa Ambuye zokhudza sasamalira: mchitidwewo kapena nazo kapena mulibe chikhulupiriro. Latsopano la Russia tsopano ziwerengero boma membala nyumba wopembedza: lamulo loletsa kupeza kuchokera ku nzika osiyana zikhulupiriro. Chifukwa cha mantha Russia 'wa Mulungu akhoza kulankhula Nditaphunzira zotsatira za kafukufuku sociological wa anthu.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti deta ya zinthu ngati wapawiri. Choncho, blitz-kafukufuku kwa 2007, ROC ananena kuti otsatira ake ali pafupi 120 miliyoni Russia. Ndipo atsogoleri a Chisilamu nthawi yomweyo ankakhulupirira kuti dziko ndi kunyumba kwa pakati pa 13 miliyoni 49 Asilamu. Koma mu Russia izo amakhala miyoyo miliyoni 144 okha! Choncho, munthu wa chipembedzo kwambiri Apatu mbiri yake.

Mu August 2012 Service "Environment" unachitikira zonse Russian kafukufuku "Atlas a mitundu ndi zipembedzo" mu zigawo 79 mwa 83 Russian. Apa pali chimene iye anapeza:

• miliyoni 58.8 (kapena 41%) a mumzindawo a Mpingo Russian Orthodox (Orthodox Akristu).
• miliyoni 9,4 anthu (kapena 6.5%) amakhulupirira Islam (kuphatikizapo Shiites, Sunnis ndi amene samadziona ngakhale Shiite kapena Sunni).
• miliyoni 5.9 (kapena 4.1%) okhala ndi Akhristu, koma osaganizira okha kapena Akatolika, kapena Orthodox kapena Achiprotestanti.
• miliyoni 2.1 (1.5%) okhala ndi Orthodox, koma Old Ritualists ndi simuli a ROC.
• 1.7 miliyoni (kapena 1.2%) azisonyeza kuti chipembedzo chakale cha makolo awo, mphamvu za chilengedwe ndi milungu yosiyanasiyana.
• 0.4% (kapena 700,000) okhala ndi Abuda (Chitibeta zambiri).
• 0.2% (kapena 350,000) ndi Old Ritualists anthu.
• 0.2% (kapena 350,000) a anthu amene amadzitcha okha Achiprotestanti (Chilutera, Baptisti, Angilikani alaliki).
• Kapena 0.1% (170 000) anadzitcha zipembedzo za ku Asia ndi miyambo wauzimu (kalulu Krishnas ndi Ahindu).
• 0.1% (kapena 170,000) amati ndi Akatolika.
• 170,000 (kapena 0,1%) ndi Ayuda.
• 36 miliyoni (kapena 25%) mwa anthu okhulupilira mwa Mulungu, koma musati azisonyeza kuti chipembedzo chinachake.
• 18 miliyoni (kapena 13%) sanali kukhulupirira mwa Ambuye.

Amadziwika kuti July 2012, utumiki wa "Liwu la Runet" anachita kafukufuku kudzera amene zinaonekeratu kuti oopa Mulungu ndi 67% ya alendo Chirasha Internet.

A kafukufuku ndi Levada Center, amachitika November 2012 anasonyeza kuti anthu okhulupirira mu Russia anagawanika motere:

• Orthodox - 74%.
• Aprotestanti - 1%.
• Chikatolika - 1%.
• Okana Mulungu - 5%.
• Sanamuuze - 0%.
• Islam - 7%.
• Chiyuda - 1%.
• Chihindu - <1%.
• Chibuda - <1%.
• Ena - <1%.
• Wovuta kuyankha - 2%.
• Palibe chipembedzo - 10%.

Information pa FOM mu June 2013 ndi motere:

• Mu - 64%.
• Iwo samadziona bogolyubtsami 25%.
• zipembedzo zina Mkhristu (Uniats Aprotestanti, Akatolika, Baptist neri Al.) - 1%.
• zikhulupiriro zina - 1%.
• Islam - 6%.
• Zovuta kunena, simungathe mayina enieni chipembedzo - 4%.

Chikhristu Russian

Religion mu Russia, monga momwe mukuonera, anakhala ambiri. Chikhristu ukufanizidwa ndi malangizo zitatu: Orthodoxy, Chiprotestanti ndi Chikatolika. Mu dziko lino, palinso otsatira zosiyanasiyana latsopano zipembedzo Mkhristu, mipatuko ndi mipatuko.

ziphunzitso

Gwirizanani, chipembedzo mu Russia zili ponseponse. Tiyeni kuyesa lero kuphunzira Orthodoxy. Amadziwika kuti RSFSR Act 1990 (October 25) m'malo ndi Chilamulo Federal 1997 (pachibwenzi September 26) №125-FZ "Pa coalitions zipembedzo ndi ufulu chikumbumtima." Mbali yoyambirira lili umwana wake wa "aatali udindo wa Akristu m'mbiri ya Russia."

Orthodoxy mu Russia ukufanizidwa ndi Orthodox Russian Church, Old Okhulupirira mayanjano, komanso ambiri (sanali ovomerezeka) nyumba zina Mkhristu a mwambo Russian.

Ambiri, Russian Orthodox ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri achipembedzo m'mayiko Russian. Russian Orthodox amaona palokha mbiri woyamba Russian Akristu: izo yokhala boma ndi mfundo zomwe zinaperekedwa 988 ndi St. Prince Vladimir, malinga ndi historiography anakhazikitsa.

Malinga ndi mtsogoleri wa "Russian Movement Public", wasayansi ndale Svyatenkova Paulo (January 2009), ROC de A facto angathe wapadera masiku ano Russian ndi zandale.

Popularization cha Orthodox mu Russia

Kodi ambiri amakhulupirira Russia? Mu March 2010, VTsIOM kafukufuku dziko kunachitidwa, kenako deta, 75% ya anthu azisonyeza kuti Akhristu Orthodox. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti% 54 okha a iwo Baibulo, za 73% ya Akhristu kusunga ziphunzitso zachipembedzo.

Tarusin Mihail Askoldovich, amene anali mtsogoleri wa Sociology Dipatimenti ya Institute of kapangidwe gulu, chikhulupirira zinthu zimenezi sankafuna kanthu. Iye ananena kuti Chiwerengerochi ndi kanjedza chabe chi Russian adzadziwire dziko. Ngati tingayerekezere kuti anthu Orthodox amene nthawi osachepera angapo chaka kutenga mbali mu sakramenti la mgonero ndi kuvomereza kuti pali 18-20 yekha%.

Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti maganizo a anthu kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti chiwerengero kwambiri, okhulupirira amadzitcha Orthodox Akhristu pa maziko a kugwirizana dziko.

Chikatolika

Kotero pali Mulungu kapena ayi? Aliyense akhoza kugonjera umboni uliwonse? Mulungu chifukwa palibe amene waona. Komabe mbiri Latin Chikhristu m'mayiko a Asilavo kum'mawa analipo ndi kubadwa kwa Kievan Lazaro. Nthawi zambiri, atsogoleri a boma Russian anasintha maganizo ake kwa Akatolika: kapena kukana iwo kapena sakulabadira. Today dera Katolika ku Russia zikuphatikizapo okhulupirira masauzande ambirimbiri.

Ife tikudziwa kuti mu 1917 anatsiriza October kuukira boma ku Russia, koma Katolika chifukwa nthawi zina anapitiriza kutumikira momasuka. Komabe, boma la Soviet mu 20 chiyambi pofuna kuthetseratu chikhulupiriro ichi mu Russia. Pa nthawi ya mavuto anawomberedwa ndi anamangidwa ansembe ambiri a Katolika agwidwa ndipo anatseka pafupifupi onse akachisi. A kuchuluka kwa anthu olimbikira anali anazunzidwa ndi kutumizidwa. Mu RSFSR mipingo iwiri yokha Catholic anachita pambuyo Wamkulu kukonda dziko lako nkhondo: Dona Wathu Lourdes (Leningrad) ndi St. Louis (Moscow).

Image wa Khristu sanadzisiyira Russia, ndi kuyambira pa chiyambi cha mma 1990, Akatolika adapitiriza ntchito zawo mu Russia. Panali awiri Apostolic Catholic ulamuliro wa mwambo Latin wa Katolika College of Theology ndi Zauzimu Seminary apamwamba.

The Federal Kulembetsa Service mu December 2006 inanena kuti ku Russia pafupifupi 230 maparishi, kotala amene si nyumba kachisi. Revenues MUKACHULUKIDWE dioceses anayi, pamodzi ogwirizana matauni.

Mu 1996, Russian Akatolika, panali pakati pa 200 ndi 500 zikwi miyoyo.

Chiprotestanti

chiwerengero cha Achiprotestanti pa Russia R. N. Lunkin pafupifupi anthu mamilioni atatu (2014). Akuti oposa theka a iwo ali ambiri chipembedzowo ndi mipingo neopyatidesyatnicheskih Chipentekoste. Zipembedzo zina zikuluzikulu Chiprotestanti zikwizikwi za anthu okhulupirika: Abaptisti, Achilutera, Evangelical ndi Adventists.

Malinga ndi Utumiki wa Justice chiwerengero cha formalized zipembedzo Achiprotestanti pa dziko lachiwiri kumbuyo okha Orthodox. Mwa njira, Achiprotestanti mu Volga ndi North Caucasus Federal Ma komanso wolephera Asilamu, ndipo chigawo Far East tithe choyamba.

ena

Chifaniziro cha Khristu ndi kulambira Mboni za Yehova. chiwerengero chawo mu Russia mu 2013 analipo avareji 164.187 alaliki achangu. Amadziwika kuti pafupifupi 4988 Russia anabatizidwa mu 2013, n'kukhala Mboni za Yehova. Chikumbutso mu 2013, anthu 283.221 anapita. Mu Russia, palinso Chikhristu wauzimu, umene Molokans ndi Doukhobors.

Islam

Mayina a milungu ya dziko wakale pafupifupi aiwala. Masiku ano, anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 8 Asilamu Russia. Muslim Directorate Zauzimu za mu gawo European la Chitaganya cha Russia limanena kuti dera la dziko lino amakhala pafupifupi mamiliyoni makumi awiri otsatira a Chisilamu.

Anthu ambiri, ndithudi, amalankhula kwa iyemwini monga Asilamu "mtundu". Iwo sakudziwa kukwaniritsa zofuna za chikhulupiriro ndi amadziona kuti chifukwa cha miyambo kapena malo okhala (Tatarstan, Bashkorostan). Mu Caucasus, Madera ali ndi mphamvu (dera Mkhristu a North Ossetia ndi zosiyana).

A zambiri Asilamu amakhala m'chigawo Volga-Urals, St. Petersburg, Moscow, ndi North Caucasus ndi Western Siberia.

Chiyuda

Gwirizanani anthu chipembedzo ndi chidwi kwambiri kuphunzira. Tiyeni tione mmene anthu ambiri latsopano la Russia amalemekeza Chiyuda. Total mu Russia pali pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni Ayuda. Russian Federation of Ayuda (FJC) limanena kuti Ayuda 500 zikwi, pamene St. Petersburg, ku Moscow - 170 zikwi. Mu Russia, lili pafupifupi 70 m'masunagoge.

FJC ukugwira ntchito imodzi ndi mgwirizano wina zikuluzikulu m'madera achipembedzo achiyuda - ndi Congress mabungwe achipembedzo achiyuda ndi mabungwe a Russia.

2002 kalembera limanena kuti mwalamulo 233.439 Ayuda moyo mu Russia.

Chibuda

Zikhulupiriro ndi chipembedzo akhoza kuphunzira kosalekeza. Kwa ena m'chigawo cha Russian mwambo Buddhism? Iye kofala Buryatia, Kalmykia ndi Tuva. Chibuda Association of Russia amanena kuti chiwerengero cha anthu amene amalambira Buddha, ndi pakati pa 1.5 miliyoni 2.

Ambiri, chiwerengero cha "mtundu" Buddhism mu Russia (monga zokhudza anthu a kalembera mu 2012) anali motere: ndi Kalmyks - anthu 174 zikwi, Buryats - 445 000, Tuva - anthu 243 sauzande. Total miyoyo pafupifupi 900 zikwi kuti pachikhalidwe anadzitcha Chitibeta Chibuda wa sukulu Gelugpa.

Mu zaka 90 mazana makumi awiri, Zen ndi Chitibeta Chibuda zinatchuka chachikulu pakati pa anzeru m'tawuni. Masiku amenewo, panali magulu ngakhale mvulayi.

Mu St. Petersburg ndiyo kumpoto Chibuda mu dziko. Linamangidwa patsogolo ulimi mu Petrograd ( "Datsan Gunzechoyney"). Lero - alendo ndi likulu la chikhalidwe Chibuda.

Mitundu ina ya chipembedzo ndi chikunja

Kukhalapo kwa Mulungu osati kutsimikiziridwa ndi sayansi, koma anthu zakwawoko ya Far East ndi zigawo Siberia pa nthawi yomweyo mwalamulo ankati Orthodoxy kusunga mokoma miyambo Bogolyubov. Ena mwa Finno-Ugric anthu (Udmurtia, Mari ndi ena) monga alemekeza zikhulupiriro zakale.

zikhulupiriro zawo zimadalira kuteteza zinthu miyambo ndi yodziwika monga otchuka Orthodoxy kapena mizimu. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mawu akuti "enieni wowerengeka" akhoza kudyedwa ndi ambiri ku Russia, makamaka mudzi.

Mayina a milungu ntchito matsenga awo. Choncho, ambiri mwa anthu a Russia akuyesera kutsitsimutsa zikhulupiriro za makolo. Mu 2013, ulaliki experimental "Lachitatu" anatsimikiza kuti amafano amadzitcha okha 1.5% ya ku Russia. N'zochititsa chidwi, magulu onse achipembedzo a mtundu umenewu amatchedwa "Wachiwiri-chikunja".

M'madera m'tauni, kuwonjezera zikhulupiriro anakhazikitsa, akuchuluka magulu achipembedzo atsopano kum'mawa (Tantrism, ndi zina zotero. D.), The zamatsenga ndi Neo-achikunja (Rodnoverie ndi zina zotero. D.) Kukopa.

State ndi Chipembedzo

Ufulu wa chipembedzo ndi phindu lalikulu kuposa dziko lililonse. Malinga ndi Lamulo la Chitaganya cha Russia ndi dziko yakale kumene chipembedzo munthu sangakhale ndi kuvomerezedwa kapena pagulu. Mu Russian ano kachitidwe lalikulu ndi clericalization dziko - kukhazikitsidwa mwapang'onopang'ono chitsanzo ndi chipembedzo wamphamvu.

Zochita Russia alibe mzere bwino demarcation pakati pa boma ndi tizikhulupiriro, zimene moyo pagulu limayamba komanso limatha ndi wongodzinenera lapansi.

Mwa njira, membala wa Commission of Sciences pofuna kuthana ndi falsification cha umboni ndi pseudoscience V. Kuvakin amakhulupirira kuti utsogoleri watsopano wa Russia akupanga zikuluzikulu mbiri amalakwitsa kuyesera kuwasandutsa boma chipembedzo Orthodoxy. Inde, zimenezi zili zosemphana ndi malamulo.

clericalization

Ife tonse tikudziwa kuti Mlengi wamkulu wa chilengedwe chonse! Chipembedzo wafala muzochitika zones za moyo pagulu. Angapezeke m'madera amene, ndi lamulo lalikhulu ladziko, anasiyanitsidwa ndi chikhulupiriro mu masukulu, nkhondo, mabungwe aboma, sayansi ndi maphunziro. Amadziwika kuti State Duma walola ndi Orthodox wa Moscow kugwira zokambiranazo kuyambirira kukwaniritsa zonse, kukayikira nascent. M'masukulu Russian, ophunzira anayamba kuphunzira ndizosowa zikhalidwe achipembedzo, pali wapadera "zamulungu" ena yunivesite.

The malembedwe aantchito ya zachitetezo kuti anayambitsa latsopano malo - wotsogolera (mlangizi). A nambala yaikulu m'madipatimenti, mautumiki, mabungwe a boma ali akachisi yake. Nthawi zambiri pali mabungwe ammudzi, zofunda za chipembedzo mu mautumiki awa.

Armenia

Ndipo tiyeni tsopano tione chipembedzo cha ku Armenia. Kodi chikuimira chiyani? Amadziwika kuti ambiri mwa Armenia - Akristu amene amadzitcha okha otsatira a Chiameniya Apostolic Church. Mu dziko lino, Christianity anaonekera mu BC Ine atumwi. e. Zinali ndiye kuti Khristu analalikira pano Atumwi Bartholomew ndi Thaddeus, amene amaonedwa mbali ya Apostolic Chiameniya Church.

Amadziwika kuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma IV (tsiku miyambo ndi zaka 301), mfumu Trdat III ananena Chikhristu ndi chipembedzo cha boma. Umu ndi mmene Armenia wakhala dziko loyamba Mkhristu mu dziko.

Chikhulupiriro, Orthodoxy ndi mbali yofunika ya pafupifupi Chiameniya. Choncho, kalembera wa 2011 okhala Armenia limanena kuti Chikhristu a zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana mu State amadzinenera 2858741 moyo. chithunzi Izi zikusonyeza kuti dziko ndi kunyumba kwa 98,67% anthu oopa Mulungu.

Chipembedzo Armenia mosiyana: 29.280 okhulupirira kulambira Chiameniya Evangelical Church 13 843 - pa Chiameniya Mpingo wa Katolika, 8695 anadzitcha Mboni za Yehova, 7532 amadzitcha Orthodox (halkadonitami), 2872 - Molokans.

Mwa njira, Apostolic Chiameniya Mpingo pakati pa mipingo Oriental Orthodox. Zikuphatikizapo: ndi Chikoputiki, dziko la Eritrea, Aitiopiya, Malankara ndi Suriya.

Yezidism

Amadziwika kuti pali ufulu wa chipembedzo ku Armenia. dziko lino ndi kunyumba kwa 25.204 Yezidis wochirikiza (pafupifupi 1% ya chiwerengero cha boma ya achipembedzo). Izi zili choncho makamaka Kurds. Iwo amakhala m'mudzi wina wa Ararati chigwa, pang'ono kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Yerevan. Kachisi 'Ziarat' linakhazikitsidwa mu mkhalidwe wa dera Armavir September 29, 2012.

Iye ankaona kachisi anamangidwira kunja kumpoto Iraq - choyambirira dziko la Yezidis. cholinga chake ndi kukumana zosoŵa zauzimu za Yezidis ku Armenia.

Chiyuda

Mulungu - Mlengi wa zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi. maganizo amagawidwa mwa okhulupirira onse, mwina ndine chilichonse chipembedzo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Armenia pali mpaka 3 Ayuda ambirimbiri, amene makamaka amakhala Yerevan.

Islam

chipembedzo Chiameniya Mkhristu tinakambirana. Ndipo amene amalandira Islam mu dziko lino? Tikudziwa kuti chiphunzitso ichi akudzinenera Kurds, Azeris, Aperisiya, ku Armenia ndi anthu ena. Yerevan makamaka kwa Asilamu anamanga mzikiti.

Lero, mu dziko lino Muslim Chikudishi m'dera zikuphatikizapo miyoyo mazana angapo, ambiri mwa iwo amakhala m'dera Abovyan. Ena Muslim Azerbaijanis ozungulira malire kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Armenia m'midzi. Zambiri mu Yerevan za chikwi Muslims - Kurds, anthu ku Middle East, Aperezi ndi 1,500 akazi Chiameniya otembenuka kwa Islam.

Neopaganism

Kodi inu otopa koma kufufuza osatha anthu chipembedzo? Choncho, tipitirize dismantle zina nkhaniyi chidwi. 2011 kalembera limasonyeza kuti Armenia moyo 5434 kutsatira za chikunja.

Neopagan gulu lachipembedzo getanizmom. Iwo recreates chokhazikitsidwa chikhulupiriro Chiameniya Chikristu chisanayambe. Getanizm anayambitsa Armenology lochedwa Kakosyan zochokera ntchito za Garegin Nzhdeh - wotchuka Chiameniya mtundu.

Neopagan kosalekeza onse malangizo anachita mu kachisi wa Garni. Ammudzi Chiameniya ndi wansembe achikunja Petrosyan Zograb. The yeniyeni nambala ya otsatira a chikhulupiriro ichi palibe aliyense akudziwa. Nthawi zambiri, Chiameniya otchuka Neopaganism, monga ulamuliro, pakati pa mafani kwa kopitilira muyeso-bwino ndi mafunde mtundu.

Amadziwika kuti gitanistami adadzikweza odziwika bwino malamulo a Armenia Ashot Navasardyan (anayambitsa Chiameniya chigamulo Republican Party) ndi Margaryan Andranik (poyamba nduna zazikulu).

Ufulu wa chikhulupiriro mu Russia

Zikhulupiriro ndi zipembedzo za anthu Russian zachititsa kuti Mfumu Nicholas II mu 1905 (17 April) kuti apereke lamulo kwa dzina la Senate Supreme. lamuloli adalemba pa kuphatikiza a magwero a kulolera zipembedzo. Ndi pepala ichi kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya Russia mwalamulo ananena osati ufulu ufulu wa chikhulupiriro anthu sanali Orthodox chikhulupiriro, komanso Kusonyeza kuti zokolola za zikhulupiriro zina silidzathyoledwa mlandu. Komanso, mfumu ya Okhulupirira Old ndi mtchatho suschestvovashie kugubuduza kuletsedwa kale ndi kukaniza zipembedzo zina Mkhristu.

Chipembedzo malamulo ikuti kuti chipembedzo cha January 20, 1918, ku Russia ndi payekha. Izo analengeza lamulo la Mayiko a Commissars Anthu a RSFSR lapansi.

A Constitution Russian (Part 2, Article 14) akunena kuti:

• Russia ndi dziko yolembedwa. Palibe chipembedzo udzakhazikitsidwa pano monga kuvomerezedwa kapena pagulu.
• anthu opembedza osiyana ndi boma ndi ofanana pamaso pa lamulo. Chilamulo Federal "Pa coalitions zipembedzo ndi ufulu chikumbumtima" mu 1997, analemba "yovuta udindo cha Orthodox mu mbiriyakale Russian mu chitukuko cha chikhalidwe chake ndi uzimu."

Tikukhulupirira nkhaniyi wakuthandizani kupeza chithunzithunzi cha zipembedzo Russian.