Kuwala: ntchito, ntchito ndi kutetezedwa izo

mphamvu dzuwa mafunde atomu, amene anawagawa magawo angapo a sipekitiramu ndi:

• X-ray - ndi timaganiza yayifupi (m'munsimu 2 nm);
• UV yoweyula kutalika ndi kwa 2 400 nm;
• mbali yapadziko lapansi ya kuwala zomwe akagwidwa ndi maso ndi nyama (400-750 nm) munthu;
• ofunda zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni (infuraredi) cheza (pamwamba 750 nm).

Chidutswa wapeza tanthauzo lake ndi n'kofunika kwambiri mu moyo wa dziko ndi zonse amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni zake. Tikaganizira kuti cheza ali mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera nm 2 400, kumene ntchito ndi udindo mu miyoyo ya anthu.

Mbiri ya anapeza cheza UV

Zilembedwe choyamba chibwenzi m'mbuyo m'zaka za m'ma XIII mu mafotokozedwe a nzeru zapamwamba ku India. Iye analemba za wosaoneka kuwala diso violet, limene wapezeka. Komabe, mphamvu luso nthawi bwino akusowa kutsimikiza izi experimentally ndi kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane.

Iwo anakwanitsa monga ndi zaka zisanu kenako, wasayansi ku Germany Ritter. Zinali iye amene anachita zinthu zatsopano pa mankhwala enaake siliva oipa a izo mchikakamizo cheza mu atomu. Scientist anapeza kuti mofulumira ndondomeko si m'munda wa kuwala imene panthawiyi unali kale anatsegula adayitana infuraredi, koma zosiyana. Kunapezeka kuti ndi dera latsopano, sizinachitike ankafufuza.

Choncho, cheza ultraviolet anapeza mu 1842, katundu ndi ntchito yomwe kenako chinakwera review mokwanira ndi kafukufuku osiyana. A chopereka chachikulu ichi ndi anthu monga Alexander Becquerel, Varshaver, Danzig, Macedonio Melloni, Frank, Parfenov, Galanin ndi ena.

makhalidwe General

Kodi pa dzuwa limakhala lamphamvu, ntchito zomwe lero kotero chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za zochita za anthu? Choyamba, m'pofunika tisonyezeni zooneka yogwira mawonekedwe a sipekitiramu kuwala kokha pa kutentha kwambiri za 1500 2000 ⁰ C. Ndi izi osiyanasiyana UV zotsatira ntchito pachimake.

Ndi chikhalidwe thupi la yoweyula izi atomu, utali umene zimasiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana m'malo lonse - 10 (zina 2) 400 nm. Uthunthu wonse wa poizoni lagawidwa mbali ziwiri:

1. Middle osiyanasiyana. Iwo akubwera ku dziko kupyolera m'mlengalenga ndi ozoni dzuwa. Timaganiza - 380-200 nm.
2. Far (zingalowe). Mwachangu odzipereka ozoni, mpweya, zigawo mumlengalenga. Phunziro kungokwanitsa kutsindikiza zipangizo wapadera zingalowe, amene analandira dzina lake. Timaganiza - 200-2 nm.

Iwo ali gulu chake mitundu, amene ali ultraviolet poizoniyu. Katundu ndi ntchito ndi m`modzi wa iwo.

1. The Middle.
2. Far.
3. Monyanyira.
4. Avereji.
5. Kuyamwa.
6. Long-yoweyula wakuda kuwala (UV-A).
7. Germicidal shortwave (UV-C).
8. Sing'anga yoweyula UV-B.

UV timaganiza lililonse mtundu uli yake, koma ambiri malire kale anasonyeza.

Chidwi ndi UV-A, kapena otchedwa wakuda kuwala. chakuti sipekitiramu ali timaganiza za 400-315 nm. Iwo lili kumalire kwa kuwala zimaonetsa kuti diso la munthu angathe kugwila. Choncho, kuwala kwa mtundu umenewu umadutsa zinthu zina kapena minofu akhoza umasamutsidwa ku malo a zooneka kuwala violet ndi anthu kusiyanitsa ngati wakuda, mdima buluu kapena mdima wofiirira hue.

The makulidwe, yomwe magwero cheza ultraviolet akhoza mitundu itatu:

• ankalamulira;
• mosalekeza;
• maselo (Way).

Khalidwe loyamba la atomu, ayoni, mipweya. The chachiwiri gulu - pa recombination, bremsstrahlung. Magwero a mtundu wachitatu ndi ofala kwambiri mu phunziro mpweya rarefied maselo.

Magwero cheza ultraviolet

Magwero waukulu UV cheza anawagawa m'magulu atatu yotakata:

• achilengedwe kapena masoka;
• yokumba, zopangidwa;
• laser.

Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo mtundu okha wa likulu ndi Redieta - dzuwa. Iwo orb amapereka mlandu wamphamvu wa mtundu uwu mafunde amatha kudutsa wosanjikiza Mpweya umene ndi kufika padziko lapansi. Komabe, si onse kulemera. Asayansi kuika patsogolo chiphunzitso chakuti moyo padziko Lapansi anayambitsa kokha pamene Mpweya umene chishango wakhala ndi kuteteza ku malowedwe chosefukira cha zoipa woipa wa poizoni dzuwa.

Nthawi imeneyi zitsulo pakhale mamolekyulu proteinaceous, zidulo mkati ndi ATP. Mpaka lero ozoni amabwera mu mogwirizana ndi chochuluka UV-A, UV-B ndi UV-C, kupereka iwo wowona, ndipo zimavuta kudutsa. Choncho, chitetezo UV cheza cha dziko - yekha mtengo wake.

N'chiyani chimachititsa anthu ambiri ozama Lapansi UV? Pali zifukwa zingapo zofunika kwambiri izi:

• Mpweya umene mabowo;
• kutalika pamwamba pa nyanja;
• kutalika yozizira;
• mumlengalenga kupezeka;
• digiri ya chinyezimiro kunyezimira kuchokera pamalo masoka achilengedwe;
• boma la mtambo wa nthunzi.

ultraviolet poizoniyu osiyanasiyana, ozama Dziko Lapansi ndi dzuwa, ranges 200 400 nm.

Magwero zotsatirazi - ndi wosakhalitsa. Zikuphatikizapo zida onse, zipangizo, maofesi kuti zinalengedwa ndi munthu kukwaniritsa sipekitiramu Napempha kwa kuunika ndi chinaneneratu magawo timaganiza. Ichi chidachitika kuti akapeze ultraviolet poizoniyu, ntchito zomwe zikhonza kukhala zothandiza kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Pakuti magwero yokumba monga:

1. Erithema nyali ndi mphamvu kuti yambitsa kaphatikizidwe wa vitamini D pakhungu. Iwo chindiletsa rickets ndi akuchiritsa nthenda yace.
2. Zida kwa khungu, amene sali wokongola zachilengedwe Satana kokha, koma chithandizo cha matenda azipeze powona kusowa dzuwa lotseguka (otchedwa yozizira maganizo).
3. Younikira attractants amalola kuti amenyane nyerere malo achitetezo kwa anthu.
4. Mercury khwatsi chipangizo.
5. Excilamp.
6. Luminescent chipangizo.
7. Xenon nyali.
8. Zimatulutsa chipangizo.
9. Mkulu-kutentha plasma.
10. Synchrotron cheza mu accelerators.

mtundu wina wa magwero - lasers. ntchito yawo zochokera m'badwo mpweya zosiyanasiyana - onse inert ndipo palibe. magwero kungakhale:

• asafe;
• argon;
• Neon;
• xenon;
• Organic scintillators;
• mibulu.

Posachedwapa, za 4 zaka zapitazo, kupangidwa ndi laser ukugwira ntchito pa ma elekitironi ufulu. UV m'menemo kutalika wofanana kuti anamuona pa kuyamwa. Laser UV ogulitsa ntchito biotechnological, maphunziro microbiological, misa spectrometry ndi zina zotero.

Zotsatira Tizilombo pa zamoyo

The kanthu cheza ultraviolet pa zinthu amoyo m'njira ziwiri. Pa dzanja limodzi, matenda angayambe pamene osakwanira. Kunapezeka okha pa chiyambi cha m'ma lomaliza. Amapanga walitsa wapadera UV-A mfundo chofunika amatha:

• kulimbikitsa ntchito za chitetezo chokwanira;
• chifukwa mapangidwe mankhwala ofunika vasodilator (histamine, mwachitsanzo);
• kulimbikitsa dongosolo khungu-akulu;
• patsogolo ntchito ya m'mapapo, kuonjezera mphamvu ya kuwombola mpweya;
• bwanji liwiro ndi khalidwe la kagayidwe;
• kuonjezera kamvekedwe ka thupi ndi mphamvu timadzi;
• kuonjezera permeability makoma mtsuko wa khungu.

Ngati UV-A ndalama okwanira ndi ingested, ndiye iwo alibe matenda monga matenda kapena yozizira kuwala njala, komanso kwambiri amachepetsa chiopsezo rickets.

Mmene ultraviolet poizoniyu pa nkhani ya mitundu zotsatirazi:

• bactericidal;
• odana ndi yotupa;
• limatha kudzichiritsa;
• painkiller.

katundu izi kwakukulukulu anafotokoza kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri dzuwa mu zipatala za mtundu uliwonse.

Komabe, kuwonjezera pa ubwino, pali downsides. Pali matenda ndi matenda kuti zikhoza kugulidwa, ngati si dopoluchaet kapena, Tikawonetsetsa kutenga yambiri ankaona yoweyula.

1. khansa ya pakhungu. Ichi ndi kuopsa kwambiri cheza ultraviolet. Khansa amatha kupangidwa ndi mafunde kwambiri amadza zochokera kwina kulikonse - zonse achibadwa ndi zopangidwa ndi anthu. Zimenezi ndi zoona makamaka kwa mafani wa khungu m'nyumba. Mu muyeso zofunika ndi mosamala.
2. Zotsatira zowononga pa diso la eyeballs lapansi. Mu mawu ena, mathithi khateyo, pterygium kapena amayaka chipolopolo. The kuipa kwa dzuwa kwambiri pa diso zatsimikiziridwa asayansi kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo anatsimikizira ndi deta experimental. Choncho, pamene tikugwira ntchito ndi zinthu zimenezi ayenera kutsatira malamulo chitetezo. Pa msewu, mungathe kudziteteza pogwiritsa ntchito magalasi. Komabe, mu nkhani iyi, muyenera kukhala osamala wa fakes, chifukwa ngati galasi si zida ndi Zosefera UV-kufumbwa, zotsatira sikudzaphula kwambiri.
3. Burns pa khungu. M'chaka, iwo akhoza kupanga ndalama, ngati nthawi yaitali mosatonthozeka poyera nokha dzuwa. M'nyengo yozizira, mukhoza kupeza kuwachotsa chisanu makhalidwe kusonyeza pafupi kwathunthu deta yoweyula. Choncho, walitsa amapezeka ku Sun, ndi chisanu.
4. Okalamba. Ngati anthu nthawi yaitali mchikakamizo cha dzuwa, ndiye iwo amayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za khungu oyambirira ukalamba: achiyesa, makwinya, laxity. Imachokera chakuti zoteteza chotchinga ntchito mapepala wofooka osweka.
5. Zotsatira za zotsatira mu nthawi. Ndi kusonyeza zotsatira zoipa osati ali mwana, ndi kuyandikira pantchito.

Onse zotsatira izi ndi zotsatira za kuswa UV mlingo, mwachitsanzo Zidzachitika pamene ntchito cheza ultraviolet ikuchitika rationally bwino ndipo popanda zosagwirizana ndi kukhwimitsa chitetezo.

cheza ultraviolet: ntchito

M'madera chachikulu cha ntchito amaipidwa ndi katundu zakuthupi. Izi ndi zowona yoweyula cheza kawalidwe. Choncho, makhalidwe waukulu wa dzuwa, chimene zachokera ntchito zake, ndi:

• Mkulu mankhwala ntchito yofanana;
• zotsatira bactericidal pa zamoyo;
• luso chifukwa luminescence zinthu zosiyanasiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana zooneka ndi diso la munthu (luminescence).

Izo zimapangitsa ntchito kwambiri cheza kopitilira muyeso-violet. Mapulogalamu monga:

• spectrometric kusanthula;
• kafukufuku zakuthambo;
• mankhwala;
• yolera yotseketsa;
• disinfection wa madzi akumwa;
• photolithography;
• mawunikidwe kuphunzira mchere;
• Zosefera dzuwa;
• chifukwa kugwira tizilombo;
• kuti tichotse mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina.

Aliyense mwa zinthu zimene akugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa dzuwa sipekitiramu ndi timaganiza ake. Posachedwapa, yogwira cheza mtundu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala ndi thupi maphunziro (kutsimikiza elekitironi kasinthidwe wa maatomu, mamolekyulu ndi dongosolo galasi la mankhwala osiyanasiyana, ntchito ndi ayoni ndi, kusanthula thupi kusinthika pa zinthu zosiyana danga).

Pali mbali ina ya zotsatira za dzuwa pa nkhaniyi. Ena zipangizo polymeric amatha kuwola ndinso atamwa kwambiri gwero okhazikika mafunde deta. Mwachitsanzo, monga:

• Polyethylene savutitsa;
• polypropylene;
• PMMA kapena plexiglass.

Kodi pakhala amadza? Zamgululi zopangidwa zinthuzi kutaya mtundu wawo, mng'alu, zimasuluka ndipo kenako anawononga. Choncho, iwo amatchedwa ma polima tcheru. Mbali imeneyi ya kunyoza unyolo mpweya pa zinthu dzuwa kuwala ntchito mwakhama nanotechnology, x-ray lithography, ndi zina kupatsidwa zina. Izi zachitika makamaka kutsegula roughness pamwamba katundu.

Spectrometry - m'dera waukulu zimapangidwira mawunikidwe kuti imakhazikika mu chizindikiritso cha mankhwala ndi zikuchokera awo ndi luso kuyamwa UV kuwala kwa timaganiza zina. Iwo likukhalira kuti makulidwe ndi wapadera kwa aliyense mankhwala Choncho n'zotheka m'kagulu zotsatira spectrometry.

Komanso, ntchito germicidal cheza ultraviolet ikuchitika kukopa ndi kupha tizilombo. kanthu mogwirizana ndi luso diso yomwe mumpanda tizilombo wosaoneka munthu, yochepa yoweyula makulidwe. Choncho nyama zouluka gwero kumene poyera kuwonongedwa.

Kugwiritsa solariums - makhazikitsidwe wapadera ofukula ndi yopingasa mtundu omwe thupi la munthu wadwala UV-A. Izi zachitika kumapangitsanso yopanga melanin pakhungu, kuwapatsa iwo mtundu mdima, kusalala. Komanso, kutupa auma ndi tizilombo toyambitsa zoipa padziko integument. chidwi ziperekedwe kwa chitetezo cha maso, zofeŵa.

zachipatala

The ntchito cheza ultraviolet mankhwala amadziwikanso zochokera pa mphamvu yake awononge diso yakumwamba ya zamoyo - mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina, ndi pa zinthu zimene zimachitika m'thupi pa woyenera kuyatsa yokumba kapena zachilengedwe cheza.

The zizindikiro zazikulu kwa dzuwa mankhwala kutchulidwa mfundo zingapo:

1. Mitundu yonse ya kutupa, mabala lotseguka, zamafinya zinangoti ndi matabwa lotseguka.
2. Pakuti kuvulala mafupa.
3. Mu nkhani ya amayaka, frostbite, ndi matenda ena a pakhungu.
4. Pamene kupuma matenda, chifuwa, mphumu.
5. Chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda opatsirana.
6. Pamene matenda, limodzi ndi ululu, neuralgia.
7. Matenda a pakhosi ndi m'mphuno.
8. Rickets ndipo trophic chilonda.
9. Mano matenda.
10. Lamulo zoipazi mtsinje wa magazi, ndi normalization wa mumtima.
11. Kukula kwa zotupa khansa.
12. Atherosclerosis, kulephera impso ndi ena limati zina.

Onse a matenda amenewa mavuto aakulu kwambiri kwa chamoyo. Choncho, mankhwala ndi kuteteza ntchito UV - weniweni zachipatala anatulukira, kupulumutsa anthu zikwizikwi za miyoyo anthu, umatetezera ndi kubweretsa thanzi lawo.

ntchito ina ya dzuwa ku mfundo zachipatala ndi zamoyo view - ndi disinfection wa malo, pamalo ntchito ndi njira yolera yotseketsa wa zida. kanthu mogwirizana ndi luso ziletsa chitukuko cha dzuwa ndi tizilombo ta ka tinthu DNA, imbaenda kutha awo. Mabakiteriya, nkhungu, mogwirizana ndi mavairasi akuphedwa.

The vuto lalikulu ndi ntchito cheza zimenezi kwa yolera yotseketsa ndi disinfection wa malo ndi malo a kuyatsa. Pambuyo zamoyo anawonongedwa yekha ndi amene amadza mwachindunji mafunde mwachindunji. Onse amene amakhalabe kunja, akalipo.

Analytical ntchito ndi mchere

Luso kupangira luminescence ku zinthu amalola ntchito UV zofufuza Mkhalidwe zikuchokera mchere ndi miyala. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ndi chidwi pali mtengo wapatali, theka-mtengo wapatali ndi miyala ya mtengo. Amene yekha mitundu iwo anapereka pamene irradiated ndi mafunde cathode! chidwi kwambiri za analemba Malakhov, ndi miyala ndi nthaka wotchuka. ntchito yake limafotokoza kuzipenya wa phale chowala mtundu, chimene chingathe kubala mchere mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana cheza.

Mwachitsanzo, topazi, ndi imene sipekitiramu kuonekera ali okongola kwambiri mtundu buluu pamene magetsi irradiated yowala wobiriwira ndi emarodi - wofiira. Ngale musataye mtundu uliwonse zina ndi shimmering osiyanasiyana. Maseŵera chifukwa liri wosangalatsa.

Ngati zikuchokera kwa Mitundu anaphunzira monga ureniamu zosafunika, ndiye zikuthwanima adzakusonyezani wobiriwira. Zosafunika Melita kupereka buluu ndipo morganite - wofiirira woongoka-wofiirira hue.

kugwiritsa Zosefera

Ntchito Zosefera imagwiranso ultraviolet germicidal cheza. Mitundu ya nyumba amenewa kungakhale osiyana:

• olimba;
• mpweya;
• madzi.

The ntchito yaikulu ya zipangizo amenewa akupezeka makampani mankhwala, makamaka koromatogarafe. Ndi thandizo lawo, mukhoza achite kusanthula Mkhalidwe wa thunthu ndi kufotokoza la kalasi makamaka mankhwala organic.

Kumwa madzi mankhwala

UV disinfection wa madzi akumwa ndi imodzi mwa ambiri masiku ano Mkhalidwe njira kuyeretsedwa kwake kwa Mankhwala oipitsa kwachilengedwenso. Ubwino wa njira imeneyi ndi izi:

• kudalirika;
• mogwira mtima;
• pakalibe mankhwala extraneous m'madzi;
• chitetezo;
• Mwachangu;
• kuteteza katundu organoleptic madzi.

N'chifukwa chake lero njira disinfection ndi mogwirizana ndi chlorination chikhalidwe. kanthu mogwirizana ndi mbali mofanana - chiwonongeko cha DNA ya zinthu zoipa zikuchokera madzi. Ntchito UV ndi timaganiza za m'ma 260 nm.

Kuwonjezera zotsatira mwachindunji tizirombo, kuwala amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuti thupilo zatsalira mankhwala, amene ntchito olimbikitsa, ayeretsedwa ndi madzi: monga, mwachitsanzo, chlorine kapena chloramine.

Black kuwala

makina onga zili ndi emitters wapadera, mwayi waukulu yoweyula kutalika ali pafupi kuwoneka. Komabe, adakali osiyana ndi diso la munthu. nyali oterowo ntchito ngati zipangizo kuwerenga zizindikiro chinsinsi cha UV Mwachitsanzo, mapasipoti, zikalata, banknotes ndi zina zotero. Ndiko kuti, zolemba zimenezi zingakhale zabwino zowoneka yekha mchikakamizo cha sipekitiramu makamaka. Choncho mfundo za zoyesera ndalama anamanga, zipangizo afufuze chenicheni banknotes.

Kubwezeretsa ndi kudziwa za kudalirika kwa zojambula

Ndipo m'dera limeneli ndi ntchito UV. Aliyense wojambula ntchito woyera uliwonse uli ndi epochal nthawi zitsulo zosiyana siyana lolemera. Chifukwa cha kutentha ndi zotheka kupeza otchedwa underpainting, yomwe zambiri ponena za pachithunzipa, komanso njira yeniyeni, unsembe wa kulemba aliyense wojambula.

Komanso, lacquer filimu padziko nkhani chikukhudza ma polima tcheru. Choncho, akhoza amakalamba mchikakamizo cha kuwala. Izi zimathandiza kudziwa zaka nyimbo ndi katswiri wa zojambulajambula.