The chododometsa zachuma sizikhudza ... Mitundu ya zochitika zachuma

Mawu akuti "chuma" inayambira Greece ndi osakaniza a mizu awiri "oikos" ndi "Nomos". Choyamba mu Greek kutanthauziridwa monga nyumba kapena munda, ndipo chachiwiri - lamulo. Choncho, chuma - malamulo a malamulo, mfundo mwa zipinda. Kumasulira kwa lingaliro ili zoposa ziwiri zaka zokwanira anasintha ndi ogwira mtima.

Modern kutanthauzira kwa chiphunzitso cha

Choyamba, chuma - chuma yokha (mndandanda wa zinthu, zipangizo, zinthu, zinthu zauzimu ndi dziko chuma, munthu amene anali kupereka zinthu zoyenera moyo wawo ndi wosangalala moyo).

Izi kutanthauzira mawu akuti pansi review - maganizo ake monga chokhazikitsidwa ndi ntchito machitidwe moyo thandizo, komanso kukonza ndi kuwongolera zikhalidwe za kukhalako kwa mtundu wa anthu.

Kachiwiri, chuma - sayansi (a thupi la chidziwitso ndi ponena za chuma ndi ntchito kugwirizana anthu) pa ntchito zomveka zosiyanasiyana, kawirikawiri okha, chuma kukumana ndi zosowa zofunika wa munthu aliyense payekha ndi anthu onse; wa anthu akuwuka mu ndondomeko ya kayendetsedwe.

Economics sayansi ndi monga chuma yokha terminologically kusiyanitsidwa ndi kuyambitsa mfundo ziwiri etymologically zokhudzana - "zachuma" ndi "chuma". The choyamba - mwachindunji chuma (chuma mu mawonekedwe a thupi), ndipo chachiwiri - zachuma sayansi - chiphunzitso zachuma. kung'ambika Zimenezi kumvetsa bwino mfundo za.

Akukhulupirira kuti chuma sayansi koyamba anamasulira ndi nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri a masiku amakedzana - Socrates (470-390 BCE ...). Mwatsoka, iye anali kulalikira ku mabwalo waukulu ndi misewu, kotero analibe umboni uliwonse kwalembedwa za ichi. Atamwalira nzeru zapamwamba za ntchito yake anapitiriza ndi ophunzira wapafupi - Plato ndi Xenophon. Iwo anauza anthu kuti umene ntchito Socrates.

Kuyenera Mukalongosola kuti ntchito mwachindunji mawu akuti "zachuma" m'chilankhulo cha Russian imatengedwa wolakwika, kotero m'malo ndi mawu akuti "chiphunzitso chuma."

Ku mawonedwe cholinga amaonera zinthu zosiyana (monga dongosolo zachuma, ndi thupi la chidziwitso za izo), ndi ena olemba kuzindikira kufunika chachitatu cha chuma: ubale wa anthu akuwuka mu ndondomeko kupanga loyamba, kenako yogawa, ndiye kuwombola, ndipo potsiriza, katundu ogula ndi ntchito.

Choncho, chuma - ulimi, sayansi ya izo, komanso kasamalidwe ndi ubale wa anthu mu ndondomeko wake.

Kumasulira kwa malingaliro a "zochitika zachuma ndi njira"

Izi ndi zotsatira za zochita munthawi yomweyo ambiri zimayambitsa lathu zachuma. njira Economic ndi zochitika amapangidwa mosalekeza kusintha ndi kuwononga (ali zoyenda mosalekeza). Izi dialectic awo otchedwa. Zitsanzo za zochitika ngati ndi njira kungakhale: nzeru katundu, . Bankirapuse, ndalama, malonda, etc. Koma malonda ndale kuti zochitika zachuma sizikhudza.

ndondomeko Economic - siteji ya zamoyo wa kupanga zinthu, komanso asilikali ake zipatso (. opanga Direct, luso, chidziwitso, luso, zipangizo zamakono, etc.) ndipo anapanga pamaziko ubale wawo kupanga, kuphatikizapo ndi za ubale umwini pa njira zilipo kupanga (payekha, mgwirizano, boma, ndi zina zotero. d.), ntchito kuwombola pamaziko a chigawo cha ntchito ndi ubale mu chuma cha alipo.

Mkati njira zachuma awiri yeniyeni anthu mogwirizana wosanjikiza akhoza kukhala wolemekezeka: woyamba - padziko (kuwoneka zowoneka), ndipo chachiwiri - wamkati (zobisika kuona). Investigation zowoneka asapita akuoneka chuma kupezeka kwa aliyense, choncho kuyambira ubwana, munthu ndipamene maganizo mmene chuma pa kudziŵa kwenikweni kasamalidwe limagwirira. Mtundu uwu wa maganizo ndi chibadidwe zambiri zotengera malingaliridwe. Iwo okha zinthu makamaka kwa munthu wosakwatiwa ndipo kawirikawiri zochokera zinthu zochepa ndi mmodzi ndiye amaganiza.

chiphunzitso Economic komanso amayesetsa kudziwa zili mkati ndi mmene zinthu za chuma ndi zogwirizana ndi ena (causal ubwenzi wawo).

Gulu la pasukuluyi

zochitika umoyo ndi zachuma anawagawa mitundu ziwalo, komanso mitundu, potengera muyezo monga chikhalidwe chikhalidwe ndi zofuna za anthu, chikhalidwe cha awo kukhazikitsa m'dziko makamaka. mugawo ili pokhapo titachitapo Komabe, ndi bwino kuika nthanoyi mkati ndi chiwerengero cha mbali kugwira ntchito zawo.

Mitundu ya zochitika chuma akhoza lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika pa maziko a mbali zotsatirazi:

1. Chikhalidwe cha nkhani chikhalidwe chizathandiza kusiyanitsa magulu atatu a pasukuluyi zachuma ndi zochitika:

• kalasi khalidwe (a zisudzo chachikulu ndi mphamvu galimoto - makalasi zogwirizana);
• khalidwe national (waukulu galimoto mphamvu - mtundu);
• khalidwe m'dzikolo (zisudzo - magulu chikhalidwe ndi strata a anthu a dziko).

2. Features wa nkhani ndi izi zochitika komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndondomeko:

• Ndi za kuthetsa mavuto ofanana kusintha sayansi ndi luso;
• poyerekezera ndi kuthetsa mavuto enieni ndi za kwa ntchito kwa banki ndi likulu mafakitale;
• pothetsa mavuto ubale yapakati-mitundu;
• Ndi ponena za kuthetsa mavuto a ufulu ndi kumasulika.

3. The kukula ndi kuya zochita zawo kupeza zotsatirazi njira zachuma ndi zochitika:

• mayiko ndi zoweta;
• m'dera ndi lalikulu lonse ndi ena.

zochitika umoyo ndi zachuma akhoza kugawidwa: ndi zowononga ndi zaphindu, Transitional ndi khola.

Mu zachuma, ambiri njira zogwirizana. Mbali yofunika si Khrisu kudziwika kwa ubale njira zachuma ndi zochitika, komanso kulosera kwawo ndi kayendetsedwe ka nchito ndi kupereka quantitation masamu. Izi zikuchita ndi ziwerengero. Choncho gulu limodzi zizindikiro amachita ngati zinthu (zimayambitsa), kuchititsa zazikulu china zizindikiro zomwe amatchedwa zipatso.

Amayesa ubale anawagawira potengera chikhalidwe, malingana ndi njira ndi kuphunzira kulankhulana. The chododometsa zachuma monga: ndi electrification matupi kuwola wa phata la, cheza cha dzuŵa, matalala, etc ...

njira chuma

Ndi sayansi ndi zonse kuti njira ya chidziwitso ndi kuphunzira zinthu chuma zochitika zachuma. Iwo anaganiza kuonetsetsa njira ambiri ndi zenizeni zokhudza zochitika zachuma.

Nawonso woyamba zigwirizana njira zotsatirazi:

1. Chuma dialectic (njira zonse ndi zochitika ndi kusanthula mu mphamvu mosalekeza, chitukuko zonse ndi ubwenzi wabwino).
2. abstraction Scientific (chofunika Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa nkhani yaikulu chododometsa kuphunzira ndi njira amapewa sekondale).
3. Umodzi wa mbiri ndi zomveka chidziwitso (Kupenda anthu ena mfundo za ndondomeko mbiri kuwonjezera pa njira zomveka zimene Baibulo amasonyeza ndondomeko ya zikamera ndi zamoyo wa malamulo zachuma ndi magawo).

njira Private kuphunzira zotsatira zachuma monga:

1. Economics ndi Masamu (tanthauzo la makhalidwe Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe wa zinthuzo ndi kwa kuchuluka kwa yofanana ndi njira yoyenera kwambiri vuto chuma).
2. kusanthula ndi njira kaphatikizidwe (zochitika zovuta zachuma anawagawa m'magulu pulayimale, kenako pansi kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane, chifukwa mu akonzedwa ubale wa dongosolo lonse zochokera loitanirana mbali payekha).
3. likutipatsa njira (zithunzi chifaniziro cha ubale zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zachuma mchikakamizo cha zinthu zazikulu chuma).
4. The njira ya kumapeto chikhalidwe (ndi njira imene zochitika zachuma ndi kuphunzira mosamala poyamba, ndiyeno analandira mu maphunziro izi anatsimikizira substantiation sayansi kapena wosakana mchitidwe chikhalidwe).
5. Njira kupatsidwa ulemu ndi deduction (kusinthika kuchokera ku tsankho kuti zikhomo okwana, ndi mosemphanitsa).

kusanthula zachuma

Ndi akonzedwa mwadongosolo njira, njira ndi njira kuti chagwiritsidwa kuti apeze mfundo zachuma ndi za ku gulu makamaka.

Economic kusanthula - dongosolo ukatswiri pa mbali zotsatirazi:

1. Analysis zodabwitsa zachuma ndi njira chibwenzi causal wina ndi mzake, amene amaona zinthu zachuma zotengera malingaliridwe ndi malamulo cholinga.
2. substantiation Scientific wa ma pulani a bizinesi.
3. Chizindikiritso cha zinthu zabwino ndi zoipa, komanso muyeso kachulukidwe zochita zawo.
4. Kuwulura mumaganiza vuto la zachuma ndi kudziwa mlingo wa nkhokwe sanali munda.
5. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa zochita zoyenera ndi chokwanira kasamalidwe.

kusanthula chikuphatikizapo zochitika zachuma mfundo zofunika: kukhazikitsa ubale ndi kudalirana kwa interdependencies ndi zifukwa.

Ulova chitsanzo cha zochitika zachuma

chifukwa chake chachikulu - kusintha mu ankafuna za malonda ndi zikusintha mchikakamizo cha phindu likulu anasonkhanitsa wa mukadzayamba ntchito.

Ulova - ndi chodabwitsa zachuma mwa mitundu msika wa zinthu zokhudza ulimi, umene amasonyeza chakuti anthu zachuma yogwira alibe ntchito ndi ndalama khola zifukwa kuzisintha wake.

Zifukwa tinganene chodabwitsa zachuma

Iwo akhoza wachinsinsi zochokera kaonedwe ka ziphunzitso zosiyana zachuma:

• Malthusianism (chifukwa chachikulu cha ulova - pa muyeso wa anthu);
• chiphunzitso zamakono (luso aliyense luso "amakankhira" antchito ku kupanga ndondomeko);
• Keynesianism (kupanda akaphatikiza (zothandiza) wachibale kukakamiza katundu ndi zinthu kupanga);
• monetarism (malinga ndi anthu ake, Friedrich Hayek, chifukwa cha zodabwitsazi zachuma amachita kupatuka la zasungidwa ndi mtengo mgwirizano wa msinkhu wawo khola ndi boma kuti msika, chifukwa mu zikamera ya kaikidwe chuma oipa a anthu ogwira ntchito, zimene pamapeto, kumabweretsa chikhalidwe cha vutoli mu ankafuna ndi mwa kundipatsako kwa ntchito);
• Marxist chiphunzitso ( "wachibale zochuluka ', chifukwa cha zimene pamapeto, ndi onga likulu organic zikuchokera pa yosungirako ake, mogwirizana ndi zomwe (yekha mwa kupanga capitalist) pali kuchepa wachibale kufunika kwa ntchito).

Mu ziphunzitso zonse pamwamba, kumene, amalembedwa bwino causation zodabwitsa ngati zachuma monga ulova. Kulonga n'cigwagwa iwo, ndipo mukhoza kupeza mokwanira tanthauzo chilengedwe cha zifukwa cholinga uyambike ake: kupanda kufunika akaphatikiza katundu ndi zinthu za ulimi pansi pa chikhalidwe cha kuchuluka zikuchokera organic likulu.

Katundu ngati chodabwitsa zachuma

Poyamba, iye anachita monga ubale pakati pa mtundu wa anthu ndi abwino kugwiritsa ntchito katundu auzimu ndiponso akuthupi, komanso zikhalidwe za chilengedwe awo kapena ngati njira mbiri okhazikika onse ndi mtima wabwino.

Katundu monga ndi ubale zachuma limapezeka pa mapangidwe anthu.

Pa ndondomeko ya monopolization pa chuma, titero, anali uliwonse chokakamizidwa chuma ndipo sanali ndalama ntchito. Choncho, mode wakale wa ulimi wakhala zinadzala ndi kukakamiza owonjezera zachuma, pogwiritsa lamanja la umwini kapolo, Asian - umwini bwino pa dziko, pansi feudalism - umwini onse pa munthu ndi pansi.

The kukakamizidwa ndalama ntchito amaipidwa kwa chuma mwachindunji pa zikhalidwe za kupanga kapena ku umwini likulu.

Izi chodabwitsa zachuma - ndi mapangidwe zovuta ndi Mipikisano ooneka enieni zokwanira. Mbiri yakale, amadziwika kuti malowo ali mitundu iwiri: onse ndi ena. kusiyana awo, mitundu chikhalidwe ndi njira Attribution, mlingo wa socialization. Pakati pawo pali zimachitika m'malo ovuta.

Choyamba, iwo chimodzi chofunikira chiyambi, ndipo iwo zambiri zokhudzana monga kusiyana lofunika (kusiyana pakati pa iwo sangakhoze anakulira sizitero). Mogwirizana ndi izi chuma payekha akhoza lidzasinthidwa wamba, ndi mosemphanitsa. Kachiwiri, tinganene chodabwitsa zachuma kuwalitsa njira kwambiri mbali chuma cha moyo wa anthu, sizingasinthidwe.

A kusintha mitundu zofunika umwini

katundu Private lagawidwa mitundu zotsatirazi:

• limodzi (munthu);
• olowa (divisible ndi indivisible);
• akukhudzidwira;
• ikuchitika mpaka kucheza kapena boma, kapena kuphangira transnational.

Zamkati za chuma wamba zachokera kukula kwa dera ndi udindo wake. Kungakhale onse pa siteji banja (mabanja), ndipo pa mlingo wa dera kapena kucheza, kapena boma kapena anthu (anthu).

Zotsatira Economic zitsanzo za amene ali kale (ulova ndi katundu) anapatsidwa, si zokhazi. Izi iwonso monga kufufuma, deflation, kukula zachuma, kudalirana ntchito zonse, ndi zina zotero. N. The chododometsa zachuma sizikhudza Mwachitsanzo, ndondomeko monga chisankho. Zilizonse kapena mankhwala chodabwitsa kapena njira (ayezi kusungunuka, evaporation, electrolysis, etc.) Kodi zachuma.

Mu zachuma, pali zochitika zachuma amene amaonedwa kukhala wophweka, akuwuka pamaso pa ena ndi kupanga maziko zikamera wa zovuta zambiri. Chitsanzochi angathe kutumikira kuwombola katundu.

Chapakati Economics njira

Iwo ndi chitsanzo zochitika zachuma - ikulongosola awo ndi chinenero formalized ntchito ma aligorivimu masamu ndi zilembo lolingana kuzindikira ubale zinchito pakati zinthuzo kapena njira. Izi adzatenge ndi idealization wa chinthu.

Mbali - phunziro wotonza ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka za chinthu chotero monga chinthu changwiro kuti kulibe mwachoonadi, koma akutumikira pa ntchito yomanga maziko a chiphunzitso. Mu ndondomeko yomanga ntchito zinthu kafukufuku kwambiri zimatithandiza zenizeni, iye mwadala abstracted kwa katundu wawo chibadidwe kapena mfundo amapereka zizindikiro zawo pafupifupi. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuona kulankhulana bwino kusanthula ndi kuzipereka makamaka mbali masamu.

Malinga ndi njira pano, ngati kuli koyenera kuwafotokozera chodabwitsa, ndiye anamanga ndi masamu chitsanzo yoonetsa mbali amafotokoza. Pamakhala anapezazo ndi kutanthauziridwa monga kulungamitsa mfundo anati, kaya mawu simatsutsana mmene chuma chikuyendera.

Siteji yotsatira - zosonkhanitsira deta wazotsatira kukayezetsa wotsatira wa chitsanzo. Mutu kulandira izi n'zosangalatsa kumva zinthu zatsopano zotsatira yovomerezeka imeneyi chitsanzo zikhoza kapadera kuti zotsatira ongolankhula walandira thandizo wazotsatira.

Ankamvera Pochita njira ya

Tisonyeza zimenezo mwa chakuti amabweretsera masamu chitsanzo ali okonzeka ndi malire a kwambiri. Kwenikweni, izo amapulumutsira ndipo pofotokoza za zinthu zofunika kwambiri zokha. The Vuto kumabweretsa mavuto othandiza ntchito anatilola lathu masamu.

sangathe china chofunika n'chakuti maganizo onse kuika patsogolo pa masamu, popanda yekha, akhoza kuyesedwa mwamwambo. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti n'zotheka kumanga onse achabechabe ndi osamveka, kapena ngakhale chitsanzo onyenga.

Masamu maganizo - ndi mawunikidwe maganizo. Iwo dissects chodabwitsa mu ziwalo zikuluzikulu, zomwe zingadzetse kuchepa poyerekezera ndi mawu a chowonadi, makamaka ponena za zochitika chikhalidwe. Otchedwa masamu ofunda kusokoneza mawu a limatchula ubale chuma mudziko lonse.

chuma dziko mu 2015

Malinga ndi kazembe wapampando wa Bank chapakati Ksenii Yudaevoy, lero dziko lathu mmene chuma chikuyendera zovuta: pachimake cha kufufuma (panopa chithunzi - 8,9%) adzakhala kotala woyamba wa chaka chino (angafikire 10%), pamene kudzatenga poyerekezera ndi mankhwala zakudya kufunika apamwamba (12%). Malinga ndi iye, ngakhale kuti kufooka kwa ruble ndi dola US anali pafupifupi 40%, ndipo yuro - 20-30%, mlingo kufufuma sadzavomereza makhalidwe ofanana ngati lero pali lophimba mu ankafuna katundu kunja kwa zoweta, amene kumawonjezera mtengo msanga kwambiri.

chisankho OPEC ndi zonse kuteteza quotas kupanga mafuta ali kwenikweni amakakamizidwa Bank ku Central kuganizira Tiyerekezenso latsopano chuma dziko idzagwe m'tsogolo (vuto la kuchepetsa sing'anga-akuti a mtengo wa mafuta ku mtengo wa $ 60 pa mbiya). Malinga ndi zonse zimene K Yudaeva imeneyi adzakhala onga kukonzanso kwa chuma Russian, pamodzi ndi matanthauzo ake M'MALO ndi osiyana.

Daria Zhelannova (wachiwiri Director wa "Alpari" Analytical Dipatimenti) komanso amakhulupirira kuti mtengo wapatali kwambiri wa kufufuma ndi kufooka kwambiri a ruble adzakhala anaona kutha kwa dzinja 2015. Iye limalangiza kuti katundu okha ndi ngongole osati kugula ndalama osachepera wina miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. D. Zhelannova zikusonyeza kuti ndi bwino kungokhala phee kunja nthawi.

Choncho, pamapeto ndi ofunika kukumbutsa kuti zochitika za chuma (zitsanzo :. Ulova, chuma, katangale, kufufuma, etc.) akulamuliridwa ndi ambiri zimayambitsa kupanikizika lathu zachuma. Pankhani njira zachuma, ndiye amatanthauza ndondomeko zilizonse zokhudza kupanga kuwombola ndi kumwa chuma.

M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti ndondomeko chisankho zochitika zachuma sizikhudza, komanso aliyense mankhwala anachita kapena ndondomeko thupi.