Russian mpweya mapaipi: mapu ndi matchati. mapaipi mpweya ku Russia kwa Europe

Payipi zoyendera amapereka kayendedwe ka katundu chofunika monga mafuta ndiponso gasi. mapaipi Russian kuposa theka mbiri atumwi. Yomanga inayamba ndi chitukuko cha minda mafuta Baku ndi Grozny. Masiku ano mapu mpweya Russian pafupifupi zikwi 50. Km wa mapaipi thunthu, amene amawapopa ambiri mafuta Russian.

Mbiri ya mpweya Russian

Payipi mpweya zoyendera ku Russia anayamba mwachangu mu 1950, amene anali kugwirizana ndi kukula madipoziti latsopano ndi kumanga ndi fakitale mafuta Baku. Pofika mu 2008, chiwerengero cha mafuta ndi mafuta malonda kusamutsidwa anafika miliyoni 488. Matani. Poyerekeza ndi 2000, ponso 53%.

Chaka Russian mpweya mapaipi (chiwembu ndi kusinthidwa ndi kulingaliranso mizere onse) ikukula. Ngati mu 2000, chitoliro kutalika kwa payipi ndi 61 zikwi. Km mu 2008 kale anakwana 63 chikwi. Km. Pomafika m'chaka cha 2012, kwambiri kukodzedwa waukulu mpweya mapaipi Russia. Map chimaonetsedwa mozungulira 250 zikwi. Km wa payipi. . Mwa awa, 175 zikwi makilomita kutalika mafuta payipi anali 55 thous Km -. Kutalika kwa payipi, 20 thous Km -. Kutalika kwa payipi mafuta.

gasi Russian mayendedwe payipi

The payipi - ndi payipi mayendedwe ukachenjede ya zomangamanga, amene ntchito zoyendera wa methane ndi gasi. kotunga mpweya ikuchitika mwa kuthamanga owonjezera.

Lero n'zovuta kukhulupirira kuti Russian Federation (panopa ndi amagulitsa yaikulu ya "mafuta buluu") ndi poyamba amadalira zipangizo anagula kunja. Mu 1835 ku St. Petersburg, mbewu choyamba kwa kupanga "mafuta buluu" dongosolo kufalitsidwa ku munda kwa ogula chatsegulidwa. Pa zomera kuchotsa mpweya ku khala yachilendo. patapita zaka 30, chomera ofanana anamanga mu Moscow.

Chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa yomanga mipope mpweya ndi matanthauzo zopangira woyamba mapaipi Russian anali wamfupi. Piping anapanga awiri lalikulu (1220 ndi 1420 mm) ndi kusakwiya mkulu. Ndi kukula m'munda wa sayansi ya gasi ndiponso kupanga kukula "buluu mtsinje" mu Russia anayamba kuculuka mofulumira.

Yaikulu mapaipi mpweya Russian

"Gazprom" - wogwira ntchito yaikulu ya "mpweya mtsempha wamagazi" mu Russia. The mitundu ikuluikulu a mabungwe awa:

• Geological kufufuza, kupanga mayendedwe, yosungirako, processing;
• kupanga ndi kugulitsa kutentha ndi magetsi.

Pa nthawi, pali mapaipi alipo:

1. "Blue Stream".
2. "Patsogolo".
3. "Union".
4. "Nord Stream".
5. "Yamal-Europe".
6. "Urengoi-Uzhgorod Pomar".
7. "Sakhalin-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok".

Popeza chitukuko cha mafuta ndi petrochemical muzochitika chidwi ambiri ndalama, akatswiri mwachangu kukhala ndi kumanga onse latsopano mapaipi mpweya lalikulu Russia.

Russian mapaipi mafuta

The payipi - ndi payipi mayendedwe ukachenjede ya zomangamanga, amene ntchito yonyamula mafuta ku malo kupanga kwa ogula. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mipope: chachikulu ndi munda.

Yaikulu mafuta payipi:

1. "Ubwenzi" - imodzi mwa njira yaikulu ya Russian Ufumu. Lero mphamvu yopanga ndi miliyoni 66,5. Matani pa chaka. Msana chochokera Samara kudzera Bryansk. Mu mzinda wa Mozyr "Druzhba" lagawidwa m'magawo awiri:

• khwalala kum'mwera - umadutsa Ukraine, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic;
• Kumpoto Railway - kudzera Germany, Latvia, Poland, Belarus ndi Lithuania.

1. dongosolo payipi Baltic - dongosolo la mapaipi kuti zikugwirizana malo kupanga mafuta kuchokera padoko lapansi. Mphamvu imeneyi mzere wa 74 miliyoni matani mafuta pa chaka..
2. The Baltic payipi System-2 - ndi dongosolo kuti kulumikiza "Druzhba" payipi ndi madoko Russian pa Nyanja Baltic. Mphamvu ndi 30 mln. Matani pa chaka.
3. Kum'mawa payipi mafuta zikugwirizana malo kupanga kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo Siberia ndi US ndi misika Asian. Mphamvu ya mafuta ukufika matani 58 miliyoni. Pachaka.
4. Caspian payipi Consortium - yofunika mayiko ntchito ndi nawo makampani akuluakulu mafuta, analenga yomanga ndi ntchito chitoliro kutalika 1.5 zikwi makilomita .. Ntchito mphamvu ndi miliyoni 28,2. Matani pa chaka.

mapaipi mpweya ku Russia kwa Europe

Russia ku Ulaya akhoza kupereka mpweya njira zitatu mwa Chiyukireniya dongosolo mpweya zoyendera, komanso kudzera payipi "Nord Stream" ndi "Yamal-Europe". Zikatero, ngati Ukraine potsiriza zithe mgwirizano latsopano la Russia, mwa kundipatsako "mafuta buluu" ku Ulaya idzachitike yekha mpweya mapaipi Russia.

Chiwembu chakudya cha dziko mu Europe amafuna, embodiments amenewa:

1. "Nord Stream" - ndi payipi gasi kuti zikugwirizana Russia ndi Germany pansi Nyanja Baltic. payipi The bypasses mayiko polumikizira: Belarus, Poland ndi mayiko Baltic. "Nord Stream" lalembedwa ntchito ndi posachedwapa - mu 2011.
2. "Yamal-Europe" - kutalika mafuta payipi ya makilomita oposa zikwi ziwiri mipope kudutsa m'dera la Russia, Belarus, Germany ndi Poland.
3. "Blue Stream" - payipi mpweya zikugwirizana ndi Russian Federation ndi Turkey pansi pa Nyanja Black. m'litali ndi wofanana 1213 Km. Kamangidwe mphamvu ndi biliyoni 16. Kiyubiki mamita pa chaka.
4. "Kumwera mtsinje" - chitoliro ndi lagawidwa dziko ndi nyanja m'madera. gawo Maritime akuthamanga pansi pa Black Sea ndi zikugwirizana ndi Russian Federation, Turkey, Bulgaria. Kutalika ndi 930 Km. Malowo umadutsa m'dera la Serbia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia.

"Gazprom" ananena kuti mtengo wa mafuta ku Europe ndi 8-14% adzaukitsidwa 2017. ofufuza Russian kuti voliyumu ya magalimoto chaka chino adzakhala kuposa 2016. Ndalama mpweya okhawo a Russia akhoza kukula ndi madola biliyoni 34,2. Mu 2017.

gasi mapaipi Russian: inatha chiwembu

maiko oyandikana, amene Russia amapereka gasi monga:

1. Ukraine (malonda sostavlyaet14,5 biliyoni Cu. M.).
2. Belarus (19.6).
3. Kazakhstan (5.1).
4. Moldova (2.8).
5. Lithuania (2.5).
6. Armenia (1.8).
7. Latvia (1).
8. Estonia (0.4).
9. Georgia (0,3).
10. South Ossetia (0.02).

Mwa maiko CIS mpweya Russian ndi:

1. Germany (otumiza biliyoni 40,3 Cu. M.).
2. Turkey (27.3).
3. Italy (21.7).
4. Poland (9.1).
5. United Kingdom (15.5).
6. Czech Republic (0.8), ndipo ena.

Kotunga mpweya ku Ukraine

Mu December 2013, "Gazprom" ndi "Naftogaz" lalembedwa ndi addendum kwa mgwirizano. Chikalatachi analipo latsopano "Kuchotsera" mtengo wachitatu zosakwana zotchulidwa mu mgwirizano. Pangano adalowa mphamvu pa January 1, 2014, ndipo ayenera kuwonjezeredwa miyezi itatu iliyonse. Chifukwa cha ngongole kwa mpweya "Gazprom" anapha kuchotsera mu April 2014, ndi kale pa April 1, mtengo anauka, kufika $ 500 pa chikwi. Kiyubiki mamita (a mlingo Kuchotsera anakwana madola 268.5 pa chikwi. Kiyubiki mamita).

The anakonza yomanga mapaipi mafuta Russia

Map of mapaipi mpweya Russian pansi chitukuko zikuphatikizapo zigawo zisanu. Sadatsatire polojekiti "South Stream" pakati Anapa ndi Bulgaria, anamanga "Altai" - ndi payipi mpweya pakati Siberia ndi Western China. Caspian mafuta payipi, amene adzapulumutsa gasi ku Nyanja Caspian, mu nthawi yayitali ayenera kudutsa m'dera la Russia, Turkmenistan ndi Kazakhstan. Pakuti katundu ku Yakutia m'dera Asia-Pacific, inamangidwa mzere wina - "Yakutia-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok".