Mitundu ya kufufuma. mitundu ya mawu

Mu ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma ali kwambiri kuchuluka mtengo wa ndalama. Mafunso okhudza makope kudziko, kukhala lero kufunika ndi ntchito zothandiza umalimbana kumanganso zovuta dziko chuma, ndi mbali ongolankhula. Monga mmene mayiko zinachitikira, kusintha kumsika ndi yodziwika ndi tima kuwuka mu mitengo ndi chikoka kuchuluka kwa zinthu inflationary. Zikatere, ndikofunika kupereka ziyenera zenizeni zimene zikuchitika. Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera kudziwa ndi zimene kufufuma. Mitundu ya mawonetseredwe, zimayambitsa, chikhalidwe ndi mavuto a zachuma a zodabwitsazi zafotokozedwa ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana pa mbali zosiyanasiyana. Izi ndi zofunika kukwaniritsa kwambiri ndi kothandiza njira msika kukhalabe olimba ndi zachuma. Tiyeni tione zina zomwe zingachititse kufufuma: zimayambitsa, mawonetseredwe, zotsatira zake.

Kufunika kwa funso

Mu kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma ndikofunika kumvetsetsa ngati adzachite ndondomeko izi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kufufuma, kapena kudzera maubale atsopano wabweza mu nthawi yapita, mphamvu wafotokozazo. Izi zikachitika kwambiri yafupika kuthekera kotani yokumba. Pa kusatsatira chomwecho mu posankha zochita, masitepe kudwala-ankaona kwambiri zimawonjezera mavuto, amplifying zotsatira za kufufuma. Mitundu ya chiwonetsero cha zodabwitsazi angakhale osiyana kwambiri. Pa nthawiyi, iwo ukuchita monga mnzake mosalephera a yaitali chitukuko cha machitidwe malonda ndi mitengo kusintha. njira zosayenera kuthana nazo - chifukwa cha luntha chabe wa zinthu kufufuma. Mitundu ya chodabwitsa ayenera kuphunzira comprehensively kupanga njira zonse zotheka kanthu kuthetsa izo. Boma ayenera achite kusanthula mwakuya za nkhaniyi, kuyerekeza ndi amene anatenga malo kale, kuphunzira mphamvu ya zochitika, kuneneratu mavuto m'tsogolo.

Kwenikweni zimayambitsa ndi maonekedwe a kufufuma

Akukhulupirira kuti chodabwitsa mu funso anaonekera pafupifupi imodzi ndi zikamera wa ndalama, chifukwa mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi ndondomeko zawo mankhwala. Lingaliro la kufufuma ndi mitundu ya mawonetseredwe ake kwa nthawi yoyamba anayamba kuphunzira pa Civil Nkhondo North America mu 1861-1865 gg. The anawagwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza "kutupa" wa kufalitsidwa ndalama. Tanthauzo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito France ndi ku England. M'zaka za m'ma 20, chikhalidwe ndi mitundu ya kufufuma, mitundu ya kufufuma akhala mwachangu ankafufuza pambuyo First World nkhondo. The chodabwitsa cha sayansi Soviet anayamba kuphunzira kuyambira 20s m'ma. Mu chikhalidwe zoweta mabuku, amachititsa ndi kuwonekera kufufuma, kawirikawiri kuzindikiridwa ndi mapangidwe mgwirizano watsopano pakati okwanira ndi kufunika malinga ndi mikhalidwe kusintha. Nthawi zambiri, pamene ankaona chodabwitsa wapangidwa amadalira siyana odziwika. Kufufuma, makamaka kulingalira za kuchuluka owonjezera ndalama kupezeka wachibale mtengo wa katundu, wopita ku depreciation wa chuma. Mu mabuku, palinso kutanthauzira osiyanasiyana tanthawuzo. Choncho lingalirani kufufuma:

1. mayunitsi Depreciation ndalama, kuchepetsa kugula mphamvu yake.
2. chodabwitsa umoyo ndi zachuma - zotsatira za imbalances kubalana.
3. Kuwonjezeka mkulu mlingo mtengo mu boma. Vutolo limachitika chifukwa cha vutoli yaitali m'misika kwambiri mbali akumufuna.

M'pofunika kuti, kaya chiwerengero cha kutanthauzira kwa tanthauzo la kufufuma, mitundu ya chodabwitsa iwo nthawizonse anasonyeza pang'ono chabe. tanthauzo ngakhale silingafotokoze onse a nkhani zake.

Kulunjika wa kufufuma

Mitundu ya chodabwitsa akhoza akuti:

1. Kuphwanya malamulo kuti zonse kufalitsidwa ndalama. Izi amakwiya chiwonongeko cha ngongole za boma ndipo chuma.
2. Obisika kapena zoonekeratu mtengo ukuwonjezeka.
3. njira chilengedwe kuwombola.
4. Kuchepa mu khalidwe la moyo wa nzika.

Chikhalidwe ndi mitundu ya kufufuma lero ndi zingapo zochititsa. The m'mbuyomu chikhalidwe m'dera la chodabwitsa wakhala adziwonetsa ngati kuphatikiza ndi chilengedwe. The periodicity wa pakuwonekera kwake wakhala aakulu, ndipo chikoka cha zinthu kanthu tsopano, osati ndalama, komanso mavuto ena. Today pakhoza payokha ikuyenda njira monga ukuwonjezeka mtengo chifukwa chosiyana, zifukwa mikhalidwe mzake. Komabe, mu yachibadwa dongosolo msika mitundu ya kufufuma ndi kuchepetsedwa kwenikweni ndi kuwonjezeka mu mtengo wa katundu. M'pofunika yomweyo kupanga zamalowo kuti ayenera adzanyamula kukumbukira amasokoneza pamene kuganizira mitengo. Rise mu mtengo wa katundu chifukwa bwino katundu ogula ali ndi khalidwe osiyana. Mitengo ndi mmodzi mwa zinthu zokhudza chikhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe a kufufuma.

kanthu kunja

Pali 2 siyana waukulu wa zinthu zimene zimayambitsa kufufuma. Amachititsa ndi kuwonekera chodabwitsa limadalira makamaka ku chikoka kunja. Izo, nawonso, amachititsa kuwonjezeka mu mtengo wa katundu wolowa ndi kutuluka m'dziko, nzeru ndalama zakunja kwa mavuto dziko m'mayiko ena. Otsiriza, makamaka kuyikapo mavuto a zachilengedwe, mphamvu ndi chofunika. Iwo limodzi ndi kuwuka yokulirapo mu mtengo wa katundu, mafuta imports chimene chinapangitsa kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu mtengo okhawo, mankhwala amene nawonso, amapangidwa kuti katundu. Mu kuwombola mabanki akunja natsvalyuty zitavuta zina nkhani banknotes. Zimenezi, anawonjezera ndalama njira mankhwala ndi kumabweretsa kufufuma.

zinthu mkati

Pa kuwonekera kwa kufufuma zimakhudza:

1. Kugwiritsa asilikali ndalama. Izi zimathandiza kuti imfa ya chuma dziko, amalenga zina ndalama zofuna kugwirizana ndi appropriations chitetezo popanda kulandira mankhwala mu makope, kuchuluka kwa ngongole anthu ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti.
2. Overinvestment.
3. Vuto la ndalama boma.
4. Wopusa kuwonjezeka malipiro ndi mitengo.
5. Mawu kukula. Ndi mbali ina ya buku la ngongole kubanki owonjezera zosowa kupezeka m'nyumba. Zimenezi zimabweretsa cashless umuna ndalama, mofulumira makope njira.

The vuto latsopano la Russia

chodabwitsa pansi kulingalira angapo mbali zenizeni mu dongosolo dziko zachuma. Mitundu ya chiwonetsero cha kufufuma mu Russia kudzadalira:

1. Capital dzuwa. zimakhudza awo sangayankhidwe kukula zachuma.
2. Atayima dongosolo dziko zachuma. M'dziko pali kwanthawi kwambiri pa chitukuko cha kumabungwe ena a enawo.
3. Chikhalidwe cha limagwirira zachuma. Mu chuma centralized palibe levers zothandiza zonse chiŵerengero cha chofunika ndi kupereka ndalama.
4. Boma la ogula malonda. Pamene vutoli wake, okwana kuchepekedwa, ndi kukulitsa mavuto azachuma anaulula zolakwika mapulani, zolowa limagwirira ndalama.

mfundozi zikukhudza kwa mkati. Nthawiyi, mlingo wa kufufuma mu Russia mukopedwe ndi zinthu kunja:

• The kuchepa ndalama msonkho kwa malonda yachilendo.
• Kusinthasintha mu mphamvu ndi chofunika mitengo msika lonse.
• zinthu Kulanga pa munthu apansi malonda a dziko ndi zina zotero.

Gawo

Poganizira chikhalidwe, mawonetseredwe, mitundu, zimayambitsa kufufuma, m'pofunika kufufuza payokha mitundu ya chodabwitsa. Gawo The amachitidwa pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, malingana ndi nkhani zachuma dziko la n'kopanda:

1. Open kufufuma. Pamene sayenda wachibale kusinthasintha kwa mtengo wa chizindikiro, kuwonjezera kufunika akaphatikiza pa okwanira ndi zimenenso kuwonjezeka mu mtengo okwana katundu.
2. Kuletsedwa (zobisika) kufufuma. Ndi khalidwe la zamalonda ndi mitengo malamulo. Mitundu ya chiwonetsero cha kufufuma kuletsedwa:

• kuwonongeka mu khalidwe la katundu;
• kusowa kwa mankhwala;
• anachititsa kudzikundikira ndalama;
• chitukuko cha mthunzi wa gawo chuma;
• intensification wa wotuluka tsintho.

Palinso gulu malingana mlingo wa mapangidwe. Malinga ndi muyezo uyu wolemekezeka:

1. Kukwawa (zolimbitsa) kufufuma. mlingo wake ndi 10% pa chaka. Iye ankaona kuti otsika. Pa mlingo uwu wa depreciation wa chuma ndi otsika zokwanira, ndi zoletsedwa ndi pa mitengo mwadzina.
2. Akuthamanga kufufuma. mitengo ake okha osiyanasiyana 10-100%. Mu nkhani iyi, depreciation ndalama amapezeka mofulumira zokwanira. Mu nkhani imeneyi, mitengo wotuluka ndi ndalama khola, kapena mtengo kuganizira mitengo kuyembekezera nthawi ndi ndalama.
3. Hyperinflation. mlingo wake kuposa 100% mu dongosolo patsogolo chuma. M'mayiko ndi chuma wosakhazikika apamwamba kwambiri. Monga ntchito kuchuluka hyperinflation chuma ambiri atenge mtengo wa 1000%.

Chotsatira, kuyang'ana pa mitundu zikuluzikulu ndi mitundu ya kufufuma.

ankafuna mavuto

Ndi zinthu komwe ogula amakonda kugula mankhwala kuposa iwo akhoza kupanga ntchito. Mawonekedwe a chiwonetsero cha kufufuma ndi mu nkhani iyi ndi owonjezera ndalama okwanira wachibale voliyumu ya katundu. Chifukwa cha kukwera mitengo. Pakuti zotsatira zinthu mu zinthu zingapo:

1. Low ulova.
2. Monetary sverhemissiya.
3. Bank mfundo zovuta.
4. The depreciation wa ndalama dziko.

otsika ulova

Ngati ndi mkulu, ndiye kuwonjezera kufunika akaphatikiza nkhani zachuma likukwaniritsa kupanga kuwonjezera mphamvu. Pankhaniyi nawo nkhani wofooka ndi anthu ogwira ntchito: Malinga ndi mitengo panopa. M'kupita kwa kuwonjezeka wotsatira mu ankafuna chuma likuyandikira ntchito zonse ndi opambana motere. Mu ena mafakitale, mphamvu kupanga ndi ntchito kwathunthu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, sangathe kupitiriza kumvera kuwonjezeka kupitiriza kufunika kwa mankhwala ake yopanga kukodzedwa. Izi zimapangitsa nyamuka mitengo.

sverhemissiya ndalama

Kuwonjezeka solvency zikhoza kukhala chifukwa nkhani zosafunika zina za zolemba. Zimenezi ali makamaka kugwirizana ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti ndi njira kuthetsa iwo:

1. Pakuti kufufuma amachititsa patsogolo m'boma, amene anatsagana ndi kuwonjezeka mu malipiro kuti akope atumiki.
2. Ndalama malipiro a malamulo asilikali kuthandiza kuonjezera okwanira ndalama, sagwirizana ndi malonda buku monga MIKA mankhwala sangamachite monga chinthu ankafuna kugula. Chifukwa, kuthamanga pa mitengo m'mwamba.
3. Kugwiritsa kuwonjezeka ndalama kutengerapo. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka monga ndalamachi, ubwino, penshoni ndi zina zotero.

Bank mfundo yovuta

Amakhulupirira pa malonda a nsinga pa msika lotseguka. The chiwongola dzanja yafupika ndi kuwonjezeka yobweretsa ndalama. Choncho ntchito ndalama kudzera nthawi inayake kwanthawi. The kufufuma uyenderere kumachitika mkati mwake.

The depreciation wa ndalama national

Zimachitika poyerekezera ndi khola ndalama zakunja. Zimenezi zikachitika pamene gawo la akaphatikiza ndalama m2 gawo la ndalama zakunja si mkulu. Pamene kugwa kwa ndalama ya dziko, chinthu ichi umagwira ntchito nkhani zofanana zina. Chotero, izo kungakhale ndi kufunika kufufuma.

amapereka mavuto

kufufuma otere amayamba ndi kukwera mtengo kupanga 1 unit. mankhwala. The zifukwa vutoli ndi:

1. Kuchuluka kwa malipilo.
2. Kunja kufufuma.
3. Okhawo makampani.
4. Administrative lamulo la dongosolo la zachuma.

malipilo apamwamba

Mu zinthu zonse, kusintha nthawi ankakakamizidwa pa mabungwe amphamvu amalonda ndi kufunika ndi kuonjezera malipiro. Chifukwa cha ndalama malonda kuchuluka kwa zokhudza ntchito. Rise mu mtengo kupanga kuvumbitsira opanda pake kukula. Chifukwa, ndi kuchepa kotunga akaphatikiza, pokhalabe kapena kuchuluka.

Mphamvu ya chuma kunja

Ngati kupanga umisiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito yachilendo, zipangizo, zipangizo, etc., Ndipo kuyamikira adzatsogolera kuwonjezeka lakuthwa ndalama mu dziko. Ngakhale kuwongolera mitengo Zikatero siidzasoŵa kuchepetsa zokolola kwathunthu. Choncho, yafupika okwanira.

monopolization wa bizinesi

Onse oligopoly ndi okhawo mitengo kugwira chifukwa underproduction katundu poyerekeza ndi mphamvu mpikisano kupanga. Chifukwa, pali kudziŵerengera kopambanitsa zomwe zilipo wachibale zokolola zawo mmphepete. Komanso, kuwonjezereka mitengo pa katundu. Kugawira kumabungwe onse, mtengo garbled chizindikiro iliyonse adzizungulira kupanga aumbike kwa kochulukira chizolowezi mitengo poyerekezera ndi zomwe ziyenera kukhala mogwirizana ndi mlingo watsopano wa sayansi.

ulamuliro wa utsogoleri

Pamene payekha kusintha malamulo, ndi vagueness ya malamulo, zovuta ndi kusintha kwa njira mlandu ndi kulembetsa makampani, kulimbikitsa malamulo a dera malonda, kugawikana ndi kuchepetsa nthawi ziphatso ndi zochitika zina kuchuluka ndalama. Kuwonjezeka imakhudzanso ndalama zonse zaboma makamaka, ndi ndikupeleka wonse. Zimenezi, zingachititse wokwera pa dziko ndi kuchepetsa kupanga malamulo.

mokoma

Zochita kovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu ya kufufuma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tingayerekezere kuti ndalama zaumoyo amaimirira zikuchepa mu dziko. Choncho, kuchuluka ndi ndalama chonse, kudzipheralo kufunika kufufuma. Pa nthawi imene zinthu ndi zinthu misika ntchito zolimbikitsa, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka mu ankafuna zosungunulira, ena malonda akupeza kukula kwa ndalama zawo kwa mafuta, zipangizo ndi malipilo. Kupulumutsa kupanga, iwo ndi kuukitsa mtengo wa mankhwala awo. Pankhaniyi, pali kufunika kufufuma, koma kuperekedwa monga mwatsatanetsatane mavuto makampani ambiri.

anapezazo

Pakuti zisudzo chuma chofunika osati kwa molondola ndi comprehensively kuyeza kufufuma, komanso kuti aone mmene iye. Mu ndege izi ndi zofunika zizindikiro makamaka structural kayendedwe mtengo. Pamene moyenera kufufuma, mitengo chofunika mkuuka, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, ubale yapita pakati pawo. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa muyezo wa kuwonjezeka okwana mtengo wa ntchito msika ntchito. Pankhaniyi, osati chiwerengero cha ndalama yeniyeni ya anthu, ngakhale kuti ndalama anapeza kale chakhungu. Pamene akamakonda kufufuma zimachitika kusokonekera ndalama, kusintha structural m'kati kupanga katundu. Ichi ndi chifukwa kusinthasintha zonse mu mitengo ya mankhwala osiyanasiyana wachibale wina ndi mzake. Choncho kufanana angakhale osiyana. Makamaka kwambiri kuwuka kwa katundu tsiku ndi tsiku mitengo. Childs, kwanthawi kakulidwe ndalama anati mu msika ntchito. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuwonongeka kwa khalidwe la moyo ndi kuchuluka mavuto chikhalidwe. Ena chuma kukhulupirira kuti kukula wodzichepetsa (3-4% / chaka) adzauka mitengo ungawonjeze amasulidwe katundu, pamene kukula kwa kotunga ndalama. Anatsegula mabizinezi adzakhala mu nkhani iyi kwakukulu, koposa pali kupezeka kupanga zinthu. Kuwonjezeka kufalitsidwa ndalama imathandizira malipiro ndikupeleka. Zimenezi, adzachititsa intensification wa ntchito ndalama. Kuwonjezeka kupanga adzaonetsetsa kubwezeretsa mgwirizano pakati pa unyinji wa ndalama ndi katundu ndi maziko a msinkhu mtengo wapamwamba.

zotsatira zoipa

Ngakhale ena, pa Koyamba, ndi Phindu la kukwera mtengo, ngakhale pamlingo wochepa, ali pa chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma cha zovuta lonse ndi zotsatira zoipa. Mu malo oyamba amachepetsa wofuna ntchito, chifukwa Zimalepheretsa n'zotheka kukhazikitsa moyenera zasungidwa mtengo. M'madera inflationary, mphamvu stratification chikhalidwe cha anthu. zotsatira zina zoipa zimaonekera chakuti nzika ndi kuchepetsedwa kudzikundikira zotheka. Madzi ndalama ndi kuchepetsedwa ndi kukhala mwina mwachibadwa. Komanso kwambiri imafoola udindo wa mphamvu. Chilakolako cha mabungwe a boma kupeza ndalama zina chifukwa umuna kwambiri amakwiya nyamuka mu kuthamanga pa mbali ya magulu chikhalidwe kumemeza kuenjezera malipilo, amapereka ndipo ankamvetsa.