Chitukuko cha deralo. Ziyembekezo za chitukuko. Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe

Panopa, chuma dziko ndi kudutsa njira zovuta - kudalirana. Zotsatira zake wakhala kusintha yaikulu. Iwo zagwira pafupifupi m'magulu onse a chuma mtundu wa mayiko ambiri. Pankhaniyi, kusintha zikuchitika nthawi zambiri lachibadwa, sizimadziwika chikhalidwe cha pasadakhale. Izo nthawizina ali kungasokoneze lonse Boma la chuma cha dziko, kenako kubweretsa imfa mpaka kalekale. Pa nkhani imeneyi, asayansi a m'mayiko ambiri akhala tasked kuphunzira njira mkati mwa kudalirana ambiri, ndiwo mwachindunji amadalira chitukuko cha lililonse gulu la msika lonse.

The ndondomeko ya kudalirana

Modern chilengedwe kayendedwe sangakhale zikugwirizana chimango machenjerero ongolankhula analipo kale, zochokera kale zochitika m'mbiri zinachitika. Pa mtima a dongosolo ntchito kuyala chiphunzitso cha nthawi zosatha ndiponso malo a chitukuko anthu. Kudalirana ndi malamulo amafotokoza kuti yasonyeza ndi fallacy cha mawu awa: citukuko ndi kugwira ntchito kwa zachuma okha ndi chuma amalire ndi njira ya zochita za anthu. Chifukwa, yachilendo chitukuko lonse, wopangidwa mwa m'ndandanda wa njira ndi zinthu zochepa, kuthana ndi mavuto padziko lonse. nkhondo yolimbana ndi umphawi ndi kukwaniritsa ubwino wa anthu onse padziko lapansi - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mavuto aakulu padziko lonse zomwe chingapezeke kokha pamene kukula ndalama ya anthu ndi kuwonjezeka zokolola chonse lililonse boma payekha. Mu ndondomeko ya zolinga umathandiza kwambiri okwana ya zifukwa zonse kunja ndi mkati, monga chilengedwe ndi maubale anthu. Only ndi anzake lamanja la anthu chikhalidwe ndi anthu chilengedwe kudzakhala kotheka kuti kwambiri pa chitukuko chachikulu magawo mawu kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe.

Russia mu dongosolo ano zachuma

Ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union ndi kusintha kwa asapita msika , chuma Russia wakhala mantha yaikulu, amene si anachira lero. Pakali pano, ndi ntchito yomasulira kusankha njira kwa nthawi yaitali, malingana ndi zomwe kudzayesedwa malo ake m'tsogolo dziko. Nkofunika kupereka ziyenera olondola a zothekera zonse za dziko ndi kudziwa poyambira malo apamwamba chiyambi adzapatsidwa. Pankhaniyi, kuti aone ntchito ndi malo a Russia ndi wofunika mawu a mtendere wa ndalama zake, amene nawonso, ayenera kufunafuna kuchepetsa ndalama, zochokera ena nonrenewable zachilengedwe ndipo m'malo awo recoverable kapena zochepa osowa. Chinthu chofunika apa ndi kuteteza chilengedwe mu chikhalidwe chomwecho. Mu zikhalidwe ano, pamene m'mafakitale kwambiri popanga zipangizo kalekale lotha, kusintha chonse chuma zoweta zimatheka ndi kumayambiriro umisiri wotsogola. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano komanso masikimu adzasintha khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala. Izi kudzabadwira kuwonjezeka mu mphamvu mpikisano wa boma. Mavutowa - mmodzi wa mfundo zotsogolera ku citukuko a zigawo Russia mu ndondomeko ya kudalirana dziko. Choncho, kusintha onse ayenera kukhala phunziro zonse mosamala, tsiku limene iwo idzachitike kusintha kwinanso. kufunika kwambiri pankhani imeneyi ali ndi thumba chikhalidwe chitukuko dera. Kuwonjezera ntchito pokonzanso ntchito chuma madera, kaphatikizidwe ntchito umalimbana kukhalabe msinkhu chokwanira zodzitetezera pa umoyo wa nzika. Fund Social Regional Development m'magazini yofunika kwambiri amaika ngakhale yogawa mphamvu ndi chisamaliro cha boma cha dziko lonse.

Kudalirana mabuku chi

chiphunzitso Modern zachuma khama vuto la padziko lonse chiwerengero chachikulu cha ntchito. Komabe, mu dziko sayansi mpaka apo si bwino kudalirana, mmodzi wa olemba zinakhalira mu phunziro ili, akubweretsa chinachake awoawo, kuika nzeru zawo kwa ndondomekoyi. Ambiri asayansi kuzindikiridwa angapo kachitidwe mu ndondomeko ya kudalirana. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka nchito ndalama, dongosolo yopanga ndi msika wa umisiri zambiri. Ofufuzawa anazindikira chikoka anagwira ndi kudalirana pa anthu padziko lonse wonse. Choncho, chifukwa computerization wa anthu blurs malire a misika chuma, izo mosavuta kusuntha likulu, magawano chuma cha boma chimakhala makonzedwe.

Mavuto a kudalirana

Nalo ndondomeko kudalirana kwambiri, muyenera kufufuza uliwonse umene kumaonekera. Kuti tichite zimenezi, poyamba kwa m'kagulu vuto onse, kuti ndi kugawira mavuto enieni magulu ena, amene m'tsogolo adzatembenukira dongosolo kuipidwa - dongosolo la chitukuko dera. Ndi njira imeneyi kuti gulu kosavuta kuthetsa vuto la kuzindikira ongolankhula ndi kupeza njira yothetsera. Mu mavuto izi kulekana mu magulu si cholinga chachikulu. Ichi ndi chimodzi chabe mwa mbali zofunika kwambiri za njira mwatsatanetsatane kuti kuthetsa mabvuto. Njira imeneyi imasonyeza zotuluka pa zolinga kudziwa waukulu kulankhulana njira kukhazikitsa synergies ndi kupeza mfundo lonse, kuphunzira zimene muzichita mu malo oyamba. Komanso vuto la mtundu ndi kutenga nkhani chikoka mwagwirizana anapanga akuyambira chomaliza cha kuyesetsa kuti agwire ntchitoyo. Molondola mtundu yopuma vuto wamba mu masiteji, umene aliyense siteji ya kafukufuku akukhala mwatsatanetsatane ndi zolondola. Choncho bwino kukhala zinthu zooneka chitukuko dera.

mabuku amakono komanso sasamalira malangizo lomveka pa structuring wa akonzedwa wamba mavuto m'magulu. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zimene kufotokoza ndondomeko. Motero, ntchito vuto lililonse kwa gulu lililonse makamaka ndi mwachilungamo ochiritsira. Pa nkhani imeneyi, njira kuswedwa m'magulu samaoneka ngati woona yekha, koma monga mmodzi mwa anthu ochepa, zotsatira za amene ayenera kulabadira. Kumathandiza kumvetsa bwino chikhalidwe cha zikamera nkhani lonse ndi kukhazikitsa ubale wawo mkati ndi mzake. Kufunika kugawanitsa okwana mu subgroups chifukwa kwenikweni kwa mphamvu zochepa anthu, ndi mphamvu yomwe anthu sangathe yomweyo kupirira ntchito lonse konsekonse.

Anthu a dongosolo la zachuma

Chitukuko cha deralo kwenikweni yodziwika ndi ubale pakati pa ulimi ndi likulu. Mu mbali iyi ya kasamalidwe ndi kum'kulitsa chaka cha mphamvu pa nkhani zambiri. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali kukula zonse ubale malonda pakati pa zisudzo msika m'munda ubale ndi ntchito malonda. Kapangidwe ka chuma cha m'dera zikuphatikizapo zinthu zingapo. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka, monga:

- kulimbitsa zimachitika pakati pa nzika msika kwambiri anticipatory kuchuluka kupanga;

- chilengedwe cha mabungwe loloseredwa;

- zonse kayendedwe ka likulu mwa chuma cha nkhani mu chuma wina ndi ndalama kutembenuka;

- kusokonekera kwa malonda komanso utuluke chuma pakati pa gulu msika.

Single dongosolo dziko chuma kumakhudza mwachindunji chiwerengero cha magulu mwa m'dera lomwelo, omwe ali amadza wake padziko GDP dziko. Pomaliza, ambiri a malonda dziko ali ndi makonzedwe a misonkhano ndi nzeru mankhwala (zipangizo) pakati pa zigawo. Chitsanzo chabwino cha zimenezi ndi ubale makamaka chitukuko mabungwe msika, amene nkhani pa 60% ya onse malonda dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo anthu mabungwe awa ndi zosakwana 20% ya anthu onse padziko lapansi. Ndi nthumwi wakale wa ku EU, imene 70% ya malonda okwana zolowa imagwera pa malonda pakati pa zipani Union.

Mabungwe ndi magulu ngongole

Chimake cha amasiku ano ndi kudalirana ambiri likulu. Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, dziko lililonse nawo nkhani zachuma dziko, m'pofunika ntchito ndi mabungwe loloseredwa zinthu nthawi zambiri monga Othandizana ofanana. Pankhaniyi, makampani angathe amathandiza kwambiri pa kasamalidwe zachuma padziko lonse ambiri. Mu nkhani imeneyi, boma pa mlingo wapamwamba amakakamizidwa kuti achite ndi iwo zosiyanasiyana mapangano a zachuma. Imeneyi, ndi kutsogolera amphamvu chitukuko anali msika wa ngongole likulu. Iwo anayamba uka kufunika kulenga nsanja malonda loti ngongole mabanki ili m'dziko lina ndi kugwira ntchito mu ndalama za dziko, angalole ngongole kapena madipoziti sali mu ndalama dziko. Komabe, ntchito ngati salinso mu malamulo. Mu kukongoza msika pali zinthu zotsatirazi: sasunthika ndi malamulo a dziko, misika awa ndi mwayi mpikisano chifukwa chiwongola dzanja mulibe malamulo oletsa. Izi zinachititsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwambiri chuma ngongole ya zachuma ndipo kwambiri wosalira mwayi kwa iwo ndi wosuta mapeto. Zimenezi, yathandiza kwambiri pa Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe.

Nzeru chitukuko cha deralo

Mu dziko lathu, monga taonera kale pamwambapa, kutsogoza waukulu kukonza ntchito zachuma ndi kukhazikitsa zinthu zatsopano mu madera onse a ntchito za anthu. Komabe, izi sizingatheke ndi malamulo mwachindunji kuchokera kumwamba. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mmodzi wa udindo waukulu mu njira ya vutoli zapatsidwa kwa makonsolo, womwe ayenera kuika zinthu zofunika patsogolo loyenerera ntchito zawo mwachindunji. Mu gawo loyamba la njira chitukuko cha dera chikuphatikizapo chilengedwe cha zinthu zabwino pa madera m'manja mwawo kuti chitukuko cha ulimi ndi zochitika za bizinesi, kupereka zinthu zabwino kwa ndalama. Nkofunika mwamsanga kuti kusintha zikuchitika chilengedwe. Tiyeneranso zonse kusintha ntchito, umalimbana pa citukuko wa dera, njira ndi njira kukwaniritsa iwo. Osati ntchito wamng'onong'ono mu ndondomeko ya kusewera mbali zachilengedwe za gawolo. Iwo nkhani ofufuza kuwunika chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha Russia. Ntchito bwino mphamvu gawo zimachitika boma, kukhazikika pa malamulo mlingo boma. Kutengapo mbali mu nkhani iyi ikuchitika ndi kukopa chilungamo likulu ndi anthu ogwira ntchito mu chidwi kwambiri mfundo chuma view ntchito. Mukamakambirana chiyembekezo cha Russia kwambiri kupeza njira kusunga mafakitale zamakono. Polankhula nkhani zimenezi ndi chimodzi cha zinthu masiku ano. Only kudzera njira Integrated kuti kasamalidwe za akuluakulu a boma m'dera kuthekera Mkhalidwe ndi mpikisano chitukuko chuma Russia. Izi zimafunika kukhazikitsa njira zina zatsopano nzeru onse nthambi wogwila ntchito ndi watsopano, ndi kuuzidwa m'gawo la nkhaniyi. Nthawi zambiri, ndi luso kudya oyamba umisiri wamakono zimadalira mpikisano ndi citukuko derali.

Mayanjano gulu msika mu chimango cha nkhani

A otsogolera kukwaniritsa pa adzatumpha zamakono aliyense zisudzo msika munthu koposa mphamvu kugwirizanitsa ndi mgwirizano zonse tiri mu dera, mabungwe ndi makampani. Only mu nkhani ya kugwirizana mmodzi zamakono ndondomeko mafakitale onse angalenge apamwamba mpikisano mankhwala. Pa nthawi yomweyo chotero kuyanjana ayenera mwalamulo ndi dera (boma) akuluakulu. Mtundu umodzi wa kuzindikira ndi Fund Development Regional, monga ovomerezeka pa mlingo boma. Pamafunikanso zofuna za mabungwe onse: boma, mabungwe ena azachuma, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono mafakitale ndi zisudzo ena a msika ophunzira. Mu nkhani iyi, dzuwa la yopanga komaliza kudzadalira mpikisano wa mankhwala mkulu zamakono malonda nsanja, amene adzakhale nawo makampani osati munthu ndi lonse maofesi sayansi ndi mayanjano. Pa chitukuko ndi oyamba zatsopano zinthu zonse adzakhala analengedwa mu nkhani iyi: chithandizo ndi mafakitale maziko, zimene pamapeto pake adzatsogolera kulimbikitsa udindo wa dera, ndi bwino chitukuko chuma Russia wonse. Mamembala a gulu umanena mu zosiyanasiyana maganizo zimenezi. Iwo nambala ya kudzipereka, pamodzi agwirire ntchito yawo mu gawo ndalama, dera la malonda ndalama ndi madera angapo zina za kasamalidwe. Iwo sakhala wopanda chidwi ndi Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe derali. Kuthandiza pa mgwirizano ndi kungodzipereka, cholinga chachikulu cha ophunzira aliyense ali ndi azipeza phindu lalikulu. Kukhazikitsidwa ndi kugwira ntchito kwa magulu mkati chilli bizinesi amalola munda popanda kumva ululu uliwonse kusamukira chitsanzo kutenga chitukuko khola la dera, zochokera zaluso koyamba zosiyanasiyana njira.

mpikisano msika

Mpikisano ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika m'mbali mwa kufotokoza ubale msika. Only pansi zikhalidwe za ufulu mpikisano malonda dongosolo angathe bwino. Mpikisano ndi chida chilengedwe cha kudziwa chiwerengero cha ophunzira msika, voliyumu ya okwanira ndi mitengo. Cholinga chachikulu cha gulu lirilonse ndi azipeza phindu lalikulu. Kuchita izi mu mpikisano lotseguka kwa aliyense sewerolo munthu ayenera kukhala chinachake kumenya sankalemekeza. Mu nkhani iyi, "mpikisano" ndi mfundo za limagwirira msika, lili ndi mgwirizano kwambiri n'kopindulitsa mu sewerolo-ogula komanso mu ntchito ya malonda likulu. Pamene kupanga mpikisano aliyense wodziwa bizinesi ndi nkhawa osati za kuchepetsa ndalama, komanso kuti mukulitse ndi kuwongolera linanena bungwe. Zonsezi umalimbana chikusintha mikhalidwe ya katundu, kuchepa mitengo yake, choncho kulandira phindu opanga ena. Pankhaniyi, mpikisano akutumikira monga chinthu yolimbikitsa mu patsogolo chuma. Chifukwa cha kuyambitsa umisiri watsopano, kuwonjezera osiyanasiyana katundu, yafupika mtengo ndi bwino khalidwe.

ntchito mpikisano

Ntchito yaikulu ya mpikisano ndi:

- kuganizira aliyense wopanga yotsiriza wosuta (ngati pamene kampani amakhala uncompetitive, zopangidwa samapeza mapeto kasitomala ndi ntchito za ulimi wa katundu mabasi);

- kusankha zamoyo mwa alimi (mu ogwira ntchito ndi mankhwala okwera mtengo kwambiri kapena zosaoneka mwa msika);

- yaikulu yopanga ndi Kuonjezera cangu ake;

- zimakhudza motani kusokonekera kwa chuma koyamba;

- lamulo la mlingo mtengo msika wa katundu.

Osati ntchito wamng'onong'ono mu mpikisano uliwonse gawo mafakitale masewero nthawi imene ndondomeko ya m'munsi kupanga. Salembedwa izo zikhoza kugawidwa mu magawo anayi:

1. Kuyamba mankhwala atsopano. Pa nthawi imeneyi, pali wochepa katundu kugulitsidwa pa mtengo ndi mkulu poyerekeza ndi ofanana (ngati alipo).

2. Growth Khwerero. Ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu yopanga chifukwa kufunika kuchuluka, mtengo mlingo mwawo.

3. siteji ya kukhwima. Voliyumu ya ulimi ukufika pachimake, ndiye pakubwera akuponya kufunika chifukwa oversupply ya zinthu kumsika, chifukwa cha mpikisano pali kugwa mu mitengo.

4. Khwerero obsolescence. Kufunika kwa mankhwala ndi pa osachepera ake, mabuku yafupika kupanga mlingo wa mpikisano amamuchititsa ziro, msika pali analogs kwambiri zinchito, zambiri za mankhwala atachotsedwa kupanga.