Tcheru kuchepekedwa matenda. Tcheru kuchepekedwa ndi ofuntha

Khalidwe la ana amasiyanasiyana. Amene amakonda kukhala mwachete ngodya ndi kuwerenga, pamene ena amakonda romps ndi anzanu. Koma zonse ndi malire, moti nthawi ina mayi anga ana amasewera amve za kuchepekedwa chidwi ndi ofuntha. Kodi ndikufunika mantha?

ADHD - ndichiyani?

Kids akuchita pamwamba - aliyense mayi akudziwa izo. Koma ntchito kwambiri kukhoza kukhala pa okha ndi zina mankhwala. Tcheru kuchepekedwa syndrome ana a zaka m'sukulu za pulayimale amatchedwa zovuta zizindikiro zina kuti kuwaletsa bwinobwino kuphunzira chidziwitso. Izi anyamata ndi mopupuluma, zonse kulalikira ndi ndende ntchito limodzi - vuto lalikulu kwambiri.

sayansi yamakono limanena kuti matenda omwe ali pansi chifukwa ena. Mu US ndi Canada kwa matenda ndi gulu ntchito pa matenda onse a maganizo. Koma osati mantha mukuganiza kuti madokotala mu nkhani iyi, yesani kusamutsa mwana kusukulu yapadera. Monga ulamuliro, kwa palibe chifukwa. Komabe, ndipo ndithu kunyalanyaza chikhalidwe ichi ndi sikuthandiza - pakalibe kanthu zingakhudze mmene zina monga mavuto ndi kusakanikirana yachibadwa mu anthu, kuwonongeka kwa ntchito, ndipo pambuyo pake akhoza anakoka maofesi, Gona zoipa ndi makolo ndi aphunzitsi, etc. . Mwamwayi, pali akhala njira ya kuwukonza Mbali imeneyi, kuphatikizapo mankhwala.

syndrome History

Malongosoledwe yoyamba ya boma chokhala kuchepekedwa chidwi ndi ofuntha matenda, anapezeka mu mbiri ya German zamaganizo Heinrich HOFFMANN-Donner anailemba 1846. Komabe, sizinachitike mu sayansi inati, koma m'buku la ana odzipereka kwa mwana wa yasayansi.

Woyamba boma akutchula za chikhalidwe ichi chinapangidwa mu 1902 ndi English dokotala George Steele, kuona ana ndi mavuto khalidwe, kuphatikizapo chizolowezi kuyenda zimabwezera zinthu zowononga. Ndipo Iye adafotokoza kuti si vuto la kulera zoipa, ndi kukanika wa chapakati mantha dongosolo. Kuyambira nthawi kuti anayamba kuphunzira tima wa ADHD. Chimene icho chiri, izo si bwino kutali.

Pofika m'ma makumi awiri, nayenso m'manja anamwazikana ana anayamba kupanga matenda "kochepa ubongo kukanika", koma mu 80s oyambirira a chiphunzitso ichi makamaka yotakata anali payokha allocated "tcheru kuchepekedwa chisokonezo". Chithandizo anapezanso, koma kulankhula za padera.

mitundu

Mu 1990, gulu wakhala akufuna, amene amasiyanitsa koyamba, awiri mawonetseredwe kosiyana Zotsutsana za chikhalidwe chomwecho. Conventionally, anaitanidwa HD ndi kuwonjezera. Gulu loyamba m'gulu ana ndi galimoto disinhibition osauka ndende, mopupuluma ndipo n'kovuta makhalidwe awo. Mu odwala otsala M'malo mwake, pali hypoactivity, ulesi, mofulumira kutopa ndiponso kusowa ndende.

kuwanda

N'zovuta kunena mmene mwamsanga ndi vuto, amagwirizana ndi vutoli kuchepekedwa chifukwa palibe yunifolomu mfundo matenda. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana kanjedza osiyana kwambiri: mu United States - 4-13%, mu Germany - 9-18%, mu Russia - 15-28%, mu UK - 1-3%, mu China - 1-13%, ndi zina zotero. d. si anatengedwa kupita akulu nkhani mavuto ofanana, kotero ziwerengero angathe kukhala chinanso. Iwo ananenanso kuti atsikana, vuto limeneli kuli wamba kusiyana ndi anyamata. The ADHD yamasika matenda 3 zina zambiri.

umboni

Mabuku asayansi allocated mpaka 100 zosiyanasiyana za anasonyeza khalidwe kwa ADHD. Koma chinthu chachikulu mpaka choncho: utachepa ndende, ofuntha ndi mtima wokonda zinthu zowononga. Monga tanenera kale, ndi ulesi ambiri ndi hypotonia akhoza kulankhula za mmodzi wa mitundu ya vutoli. Komanso, ambiri, pangakhale matenda kukumbukira, obsessive-zinazake kayendedwe, alibe luso odzithandiza okha ndi chitukuko cha luso chabwino galimoto, vuto lakelo, impulsivity, lakuthwa pafupipafupi alili maganizo, irritability ndi nkhawa. Mulimonsemo, powona kuti khalidwe la mwanayo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi zimene ndi mmene kuchita pafupifupi onse anzake ake, n'zotheka ndi zofunika kuti dokotala, osachepera mtendere wanga wa m'maganizo.

zimayambitsa

Ngati kale zifukwa khalidwe anafotokoza ndi mipata maphunziro, zaka zaposachedwapa ife anayamba kulankhula zoti tcheru kuchepekedwa ndi ofuntha mwina poona makhalidwe a chitukuko chamoyo, ndicho - mantha dongosolo. chakuti ubongo akupitiriza kupanga ndi atabadwa. Komanso, ambiri yogwira nthawi ya ntchito yake imagwera pa wachiwiri kwa zaka chachisanu cha moyo. Kumene, ndondomeko imeneyi ndipo kenako, koma kwa onse CNS kusasitsa kumachitika pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana.

Komano, kuonera ana ndi ADHD anasonyeza kuti ali, makamaka pokha-mitundu pa kuthetsa wotanganidwa vuto lililonse yafupika magazi a Lobe mazunzo a ubongo. Ndi zambiri mwanayo anali kuyesera kuganizira ntchito, m'pamenenso kuchepa anali accentuated. kungoganizira wina chikugwirizana ndi kulanda hypoxia yoopsa, amene anayankha zaka motere. Palinso chiphunzitso kufotokoza mkhalidwe wa kuphwanya kagayidwe catecholamine. Munthu wina anachita ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti khalidwe ili wobadwa nawo, kukangana kuti kusintha khalidwe mu dongosolo mbewu. Komabe, ngakhale kuti mfundo zosiyanasiyana, yankho lenileni la funso "ADHD - 'pa mawu a pathogenesis akhala chinsinsi.

diagnostics

Monga tanenera kale, zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana akhoza inaperekedwa ndi vutoli kuchepekedwa. Ndipo chifukwa pali zizindikiro za matenda, kuwonjezera pa mavuto khalidwe, silinakwaniritsidwe amadziŵika, madokotala amakakamizidwa kudalira pa nthaka ikunjenjemera kwambiri. Wonse njira matenda kulibe mu United States ndi Canada ntchito mafunso awo, ndi World Old - lapansi. Mu gawo ili la i milandu onse angakhale zogwirizana ndi khalidwe la mwangwiro wathanzi, koma Mwachitsanzo, ali kwambiri anamwazikana ana. Makhalidwe a zaka sukulu bwino kuti akutsimikiza umunthu kumachitika m'njira chosiyana, kotero kuti matenda ayenera idzachitika woyenera kwambiri ndiponso odziwa katswiri.

Komabe, ena mafunso ngati kukayikira si alakwa. Mu matenda a ADHD umagwiritsidwa kulingalira, electroneuromyography ndi spectrometry umuna, komanso pafupifupi bwino akugwirira, electroencephalogram. Zonsezi zimathandiza kumvetsa bwino zinthu zimene tcheru kuchepekedwa anati.

chithandizo

Njira kwa kukonza dziko la ofuntha ndi vutoli kuchepekedwa anawagawa mankhwala ndi zina. Woyamba makamaka ntchito kunja yotsirizira amayi ambiri Russian amene safuna kuti zinthu mwana kamodzi mankhwala zambiri amakhala kwambiri. Makolo mu Europe ndi America, Mosiyana, amakhala ntchito sanali pharmacological njira, koma pamene mankhwala sangathandize.

Nthawi zambiri dokotala amasankha kukonzekera zovuta za magulu a ogalamutsa, asamakhale ndi nkhawa, antidepressants tricyclic ndi nootropics. Zochita lonse, kuti agwire ntchito mankhwala a ADHD anasonyeza mankhwala awiri: "Ritalin" ndi "Amitriptyline" ndi analogues awo.

Non-pharmacological mankhwala komanso bwino kugwiritsa ntchito lolondola ndiponso zogwirizana. Choyamba, m'pofunika kubwereza chifanizo cha moyo wa mwana mu mawu a bwalo lake anzanu ntchito. masewero ndi bwino kusankha bata, popanda mbali amphamvu maganizo ndi abwenzi iwo - moyenera ndi phe. Bwinobwino ntchito misala, imene awongolera maganizo mwanayo kwa malo abwino ophunzirira. A zotsatira opindulitsa pa magawo ADHD kulimbikitsa zosangalatsa ndiponso kuchiritsa nkhawa. Mu zochitika zina, si superfluous chifuniro ndi banja mankhwala - kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti undiagnosed tcheru kuchepekedwa matenda ana kumaonjezera ngozi ya matenda a maganizo amayi a za maulendo 5.

Ngakhale kuti njira zonse zabwino zawo, zotsatira zabwino adakali zimatheka ndi kuwaphatikiza zace.

kupewa

Popanda kudziwa zifukwa zina zimene zimachititsa chidwi kuchepekedwa matenda ana, ndi kovuta kukambirana za miyeso kuteteza izo. Kumene, n'zomveka kuti amayi mosamala kuyan'ana mkhalidwe wawo ndi akabereka - chitukuko cha mwana. asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zizindikiro za ADHD Tingaone pafupifupi 3-5 zaka, ndipo ngakhale mu chaka choyamba cha moyo. Popeza kudziwika mwa zizindikiro zimenezi angayambe njira malangizo monga mankhwala si mankhwala - Mulimonsemo iwo musawononge mwana aliyense. Munthu akhoza kungowauzira kumbukirani kuti ana ndi kuchepekedwa tcheru anati m'malo achilendo ubongo ntchito: pambuyo mphindi 3-5 cha ntchito ayenera kupuma.

kaonedwe

Tinganene, kuti unyamata ndi kuchepekedwa tcheru kukhoza pa. Koma zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti ADHD sikutanthauza chithandizo ndipo amathamanga palokha. Ndi zinadzala ndi kunyalanyaza ngati si ubongo, mavuto a m'maganizo. Ndi zaka 14-15 mwana kupeza kudziyang'anira, mipata chidziwitso, kusowa abwenzi. Popeza kuti mu nthawi iyi, ndipo chotero iye adzadutsa nthawi yovuta nokha, mtundu wa mavuto, kapena kusiya zizindikiro ADHD popanda tcheru, chifukwa akhoza kwambiri kusokoneza zina anatengera chikhalidwe. Kuwonjezera apo, kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti 30-70% ya amenewa kapena zizindikiro matenda a syndrome anaona mu m'badwo achikulire.

Matenda akuluakulu

Inde, sikuti zimachitika ndi ana. Mosiyana ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, ADHD - kenanso khalidwe la zaka chisanadze sukulu kapena unyamata, matenda izi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito wamkulu. Madokotala zikuwavuta amavomereza izo, kusayembekeza disorganization, kuyiwala ndi kuchedwa nthawi zonse mu nyumba yosungiramo katundu wa khalidwe ndi kusowa kwa maganizo. Koma, monga tanenera kale, mu 30-70% ya milandu ya ana anapezeka ndi ADHD kapena kuti mavuto zidzachitika mtsogolo.

Features wa ntchito ukalamba Komabe, kusiya amaonekera awo, kotero kuti matenda tcheru tingasonyezere zoona ngati mwana;

• "Dikirani" pa mlandu kapena kukambirana;
• mkhutu ndende;
• vuto moganizira ntchito;
• osauka Makutu kukumbukira, mavuto ndi kubalana wa mudziwe analandira pakamwa;
• amanyalanyaza mfundo, ngakhale zofunika.

Pali mbali ina kuti ndalamayo. Nthawi zina anthu ndi ADHD amagwa mu otchedwa boma pa-ndende. Pa nthawi yomweyo moganizira iliyonse chinthu chimodzi zingachititse munthu kuyiwala za nthawi ndi zinthu zina. Koma ofuntha, kawirikawiri akuluakulu kuti chimaoneka zochepa kwambiri.