Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "karst m'phanga." Ndi chiyani icho?

ndi tanthauzo la mawu "karst phanga" n'chiyani? Kodi izi wokongola malo achilengedwe? Mayankho a mafunso amenewa amapezeka m'nkhani ino. Komanso, apa tikungotchula dziko yaitali mapanga (chithunzi cha cavities mobisa monga mmene uonela). Modabwitsa, ambiri a iwo ankakhala mu United States.

Cave - izo ... The tanthauzo la mawu "karst phanga"

Izi cavities mobisa kuyambira nthawi zakale anali ngati kunyumba kwa nyama ndi anthu wosazindikira. Anabisala iwo ku ogwirira ozizira ndi chilombo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti m'mapanga anawapeza osati pa Dziko Lapansi, koma pa Moon, Mars. Ndiyetu chiyambi cha tanthauzo la mawu akuti "karst m'phanga."

mawuwa ndi zigawo ziwiri: a "phanga" ndi "kras".

• Cave - ndi M'mimbamo aliyense mobisa ndi lochokera kwa zachilengedwe.
• Karst - ndi onse ndondomeko ndi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka (kuvunda) miyala ena aukali (mipweya) pansi.

Mawu akuti "Karst" anachokera ku mawu German kapena karst, kapena pa dzina la malo okwera mu Slovenia (Kras), kumene zinthuzo achilengedwe pacimake.

Kodi phanga karst?

Mtundu wa mapanga ndi ambiri mwa cavities ena onse mobisa. ndi phanga karst ndi momwe anapanga chiani?

Pali matanthauzo ziwiri zazikulu. Malinga ndi woyamba, M'mimbamo achilengedwe (opanda) mu kutumphuka chapamwamba, chimene chikugwirizana ndi padziko zolowetsa umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Malinga ndi tanthauzo wachiwiri, karst phanga - ndi M'mimbamo mobisa chiyambi zachilengedwe, zomwe si akuunika dzuwa, koma lilipo chifukwa malowedwe kuchokera kunja.

Phunziro m'mapanga ndi chinkhoswe wapadera sayansi - caving, ulusi umene kawirikawiri umatulutsa otchedwa speleotourists.

Monga anapanga mapanga?

m'mapanga mtundu popangidwa ndi njira exogenous, ndicho chifukwa chakuyimisidwa nchito kwa madzi pathanthwe. Dziwani kuti mapanga alipo yekha m'madera a dziko lapansi kumene kugona miyala wosakhazikika, amene mosavuta kusungunuka ndi madzi. Pakati pawo - gypsum, salt, choko (kaolin wa), dolomite, nsangalabwi ndi laimu.

Zoipitsitsa ena onse awonongeke anajambulapo ndi za nsangalabwi. M'mapanga miyala awa anapanga nthawi yayitali. Komano, iwo apirira bwino kuposa ena. Mwachitsanzo, gypsum mapanga nthawi zambiri unagwa, kutha.

Yofunika kwambiri mu mapangidwe cavities mobisa masewero osati zikuchokera mankhwala madzi (tiyenera kuchuluka ndende ya mpweya woipa), komanso pamaso pa ming'alu mkati mwa dziko ndi fractures imakula. Kawirikawiri ndi mizere pakati imene mapanga ndipo anapanga.

Ambiri mwa mapanga anaphunzira - mtundu chidina a dongosolo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti madzi wasiya mfundo mobisa cavities. Komabe, iye anali amene amatumikira ziboliboli kuti ndipamene lamkati "microrelief" phanga. Mobisa madzi olemera sulfates ndi carbonates, zagona iwo pa makoma, pansi anawasema cavities mobisa. Izo likakhazikitsidwa komanso zomwe timatcha stalactites ndi stalagmites. Nthawi zambiri, zophuka awa pokhala wachilendo ndi chodabwitsa mitundu, zimene mdima kuyang'ana kwambiri zachilendo.

Main mitundu m'mapanga

Malinga limagwirira ya chiyambi (mapangidwe) n'kopanda kusiya karst, ngakhale tectonic, chiphala, kukokololoka kwa nthaka ndi ayezi phanga.

Mobisa M'mimbamo komanso wachinsinsi ndi kukula (zochokera okwana kutalika ndi kuya) komanso mtundu wa thanthwe limene anapanga. Choncho, pali m'mapanga:

• anajambulapo;
• gypsum;
• choko;
• mchere;
• M'mapanga conglomerates ndi zina zotero.

Top 5 mapanga wautali kuposa dziko

Anayi asanu mapanga yaitali mu dziko ili mu US, ndi wina - ku Ukraine.

Mammoth Cave (za 630 km) - motalikitsa phanga dongosolo la Dziko lapansi. Inakhalapo mu anajambulapo zaka 10 miliyoni zapitazo. Chaka utali wa nthumbi ikukula monga cavers latsopano kukazonda makonde ake.

Ngale Cave (257 km) - ili mu South Dakota, pafupi ndi mzinda wa Custer. Mbali yake yapadera ndi timibulu calcite amene TACHIMATA ndi makoma pakatikati pa ndime mobisa.

Cave ziyenda (231 km) - ndi Mipikisano mlingo kukhotakhota maukonde mu Ukraine (m'dera Ternopil), dongosolo waukulu mobisa mu Europe ndi ku Asia. Aumbike mwa osewera a.

Mphepo Cave (217 km) - wina chozizwitsa American wa chilengedwe zomwe amadziwika Pantchito yake pa arches ndi kooneka uchi.

Lechuga Cave (207 km) - gypsum phanga mu United States (New Mexico), wakuti amene ali zachilendo "luster" wa maphunziro, lomwe kufika mpaka mamita 5-6 awiri.

Pomaliza

Chabwino, tsopano inu mukudziwa tanthauzo la mawu akuti "karst m'phanga." Ndi M'mimbamo mobisa chiyambi zachilengedwe, amene ali malo ogulitsira chimodzi kapena zingapo padziko. m'mapanga onse cavers anawagawira ndi kukula, limagwirira la Genesis, komanso miyala imene iwo anapatsa (linakhazikitsidwa).