Monga opangidwa mvula ndi chipale

Kodi mvula aumbike, amadziwa masiku ano wophunzira aliyense, koma wokwanira refresher. Madzi nthunzi - wosawoneka koma natikhutitsanso chigawo chimodzi cha mpweya wozungulira Earth. Mu matupi onse a madzi kuchokera m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja ndi mayiwe yaing'ono, kupitirizabe pa ndondomeko madzi evaporation. Chifukwa madzi ndi kutembenukira ku nthunzi gaseous. The motentha madzi, liwiro izo asanduke nthunzi ndi zambiri malo mosungiramo, madzi zambiri n'kukhala nthunzi. Anthu sindikuwona evaporation ichi, madzi nthunzi kumaoneka, kumene utakhazikika, kumene condensation limapezeka, ndiye pa okwera mkulu. Condensation - ndondomeko yosintha zosaoneka ndi zooneka nthunzi madzi. Udindo waukulu mu izi ndi za mphamvu ya dzuwa. Iye anatenga nthunzi mkulu mu mlengalenga ndipo inasanduka mitambo. Mphepo, nawonso, amanyamula mitambo pa ataliatali, kufalitsa pa dziko ndi madzi ofunikira.

Limagwirira mapangidwe a mvula

Kodi mvula kupanga? Pamene mtambo kwathunthu kukhutitsa ndipo sangathe kutenga chinyezi zing'onozing'ono m'malovu kugwa ndondomeko akuyamba m'menemo. Kugwa, amanga ndi m'malovu ena kuti kulenga madontho kwambiri, ndi chifukwa Tingaone ngati njira ya mvula.

Pa chimphepo amalenga madontho lalikulu, zimenezi mpaka 7 mm m'mimba mwake. Mvula Yochepa dontho la zosakwana hafu millimeter. Pafupifupi nthawi olekanitsidwa ndi mvula kakang'ono pa aliyense, ndipo chirichonse chikhale yonyowa. Mvula - ziri kwenikweni mtambo resets yokha. Izi zimachitika pamene m'malovu kapena timibulu, kumene iwo unalengedwa lolemera kwambiri ndi kugwa Earth. Meteorologists secrete njira zingapo m'malovu kutembenukira mu mvula. Monga mvula aumbike, zimadalira kudzera amene m'malovu mitambo pochitika - ofunda kapena ozizira. mitambo ofunda ndi opangidwa ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono madzi. Kugwa madontho zambiri kuwasandutsa nthunzi mu mlengalenga pansi. Ndipo pali lalikulu amagwa pansi monga mvula. A droplet ting'onoting'ono akudutsa kupyolera mu mtambo, pamene collides ndi m'malovu zina ndi kale ogwirizana, kulenga dontho lalikulu. dontho Izi kusonkhanitsa madontho ena pa njira zanu pansi. Mpweya umene chikusesa padziko liwiro akutsikira amkoka ndi m'malovu kakang'ono, kuchuluka ake kulemera. Nthawizina zimakhala lolemera kwambiri moti kugwa kuchokera kutalika mu matope a.

Kodi zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa?

Monga mitundu chisanu, mvula, matalala - zochitika zonsezi anaphunzira meteorologists ndi olosera nyengo kupereka kwa iwo, ndi nthawi kuti achenjeze anthu za nyengo zoipa. M'mitambo ozizira timibulu ayezi nucleate m'malovu. Cold mitambo anapanga kumwamba, ndipo umasamutsidwa ku malo kumene kutentha ndi nthawi malire kuzizira (0 ° ^C). mitambo Awa ndi osakaniza m'malovu madzi ndi timibulu ayezi. Pamene madzi ukuphwera ku m'malovu madzi, ndi pafupi ndi makhiristo, kuzizira ndipo potembenukira ku olimba. Pamene makhiristo kukula ndi kupeza chinyezi, iwo kuwasandutsa zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa ndi kugwa kupyolera mu mtambo. Koma ngati kunja si ozizira kwambiri, zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa, pali sakhalitsa. Iwo anapita uko mu zigawo za mlengalenga ofunda ndi kuyamba kusungunuka kachiwiri kutembenukira mu mvula. Monga pali zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa? Ngati mtambo ndi mabacteria a osiyanasiyana kutentha ndi chinyezi, likukhalira ku makina chisanu. Lonyowa mpweya otentha amanyamula dontho la madzi chikuchitika mu ozizira mitambo zone youma. Chifukwa kutentha otsika m'malovu a amaundana ndi kupanga phata la snowflake lapansi. Padziko phata mu dongosolo ena anasonkhana zidutswa za madzi ofunda, kutembenukira mu chisanu krustalo. Aliyense flake wapangidwa ndi timibulu munthu 2-200. Timibulu anapanga mu mitambo ozizira pamwamba pansi, kumene kutentha akhoza kusiya kwa -40 ^{° C} ndi nthunzi ya madzi amaundana, osatembenukira ku ayezi. Chipale galasi masamba mtambo ndi ikagwa. Chipale zikuwoneka loonekeratu pamene kugwa, koma kwenikweni ambiri a zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa ndi analenga padziko particles ting'onoting'ono fumbi, ndi mphepo anabweretsa mu mlengalenga, ndi nthunzi ya madzi akhoza analimbikitsa ngakhale particles padziko ka utsi. Ngati ife kutenga maikulosikopu yamphamvu, mukhoza kuona particles awa, amene umabisika m'nyumba zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa. Firii kotala ya zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa narosli padziko ting'onoting'ono zidutswa yakumwamba ya dongo kapena lapansi.

Mawonekedwe a zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa

Mwina, aliyense anali ndi mwayi amasirira mawonekedwe yakulenga ya zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa kuti mokoma ukugwa kuchokera kumwamba, iwo anakaika pa mitten kapena malaya. Lililonse snowflake ndi osiyana ndi kupanga awo dongosolo lapadera. Mawonekedwe yaikulu ya chisanu crystallite zimadalira kutentha pa zimene mphako flake. Pamwamba ndi mtambo, choncho ndi yozizira. Chifukwa mkulu cirrus, imene kutentha m'munsimu ^-35 ° C, ndi hexagonal prism mtambowo kutentha ndi mu osiyanasiyana -3-0 ^{° C,} ndi zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa anapanga ngati mbale. Pa kutentha -5-3 ^Inu C anapanga zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa singano, ndi ku -8-5 ^{° C} mu mawonekedwe a mizati. -12-8 ^C. Pamene mbale anapanga kachiwiri. Ngati kutentha kugwa m'munsimu - afanane ndi zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa Stars. Kuwonjezeka, zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa kukhala ankawonjezereka ndi kugwa padziko lapansi, kusintha awo mawonekedwe. Ngati zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa akugwa, kupota, mawonekedwe awo ali mwangwiro symmetrical, ngati zasiyidwa, swaying pambali, mawonekedwe awo amasandulika osasamba.

Ngati mpweya pansi chisanu mtambo ndi wotentha kuposa 0 ° ^C, zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa mu kugwa akhoza kusungunula, osatembenukira ku mvula, Ikufotokozanso mvula likakhazikitsidwa komanso chisanu kutembenukira kwa mvula. Koma ngati mpweya ndi wozizira mokwanira, zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa adzauluka pansi, kubisala chophimba chake choyera. Kupeza yekha pansi, timibulu chisanu pang'onopang'ono kutaya dongosolo lawo wosakhwima, mbamuikha pamodzi mchikakamizo cha zidutswa za chipale chofeŵa ena.

Pamene chisanu akugwa?

Rime amatanthauza mpweya olimba imene imagwera wosanjikiza woonda timibulu ayezi. Zikuoneka padziko, ndi za pansi pa yozizira koopsa nthaka, mphepo bata ndi thambo bwino. Pamene kutentha kugwa m'munsimu kuzizira mu mawonekedwe a mibulu hexagonal pa m'munsi kutentha - mu mawonekedwe a mbale, m'munsimu -15 ° C chisanu ndi timibulu afanane ndi masingano yosamveka. mitundu Frost pa zinthu zonse, amene pamwamba yozizira kuposa mlengalenga: pa udzu, nthaka, madenga, galasi.

asidi mvula

Mpweya (mvula, matalala) ndi okhutira mkulu wa asidi ndi asidi mvula. Kodi iwo anapanga? Magwero a zosayembekezereka ya mvula asidi akhoza kukhala mwina kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe (chiphala ntchito, kuwonongeka kwa zatsalira masamba), ndi mpweya mafakitale, makamaka sulfure woipa (CHONCHO ₂₎ ndipo oxides asafe (NO, NO _2, N ₂ O ₃₎ pamene anatentha zosiyanasiyana utsi. Kulumikiza ndi chinyontho mu mlengalenga kupanga asidi sulfuric acid nitric. Ngati acidic mankhwala kusungunuka mu mpweya m'mlengalenga ladzala ndi chinyezi, asidi igwani pansi mu mawonekedwe a mpweya. Ngati madzi, kuphatikizapo asidi, imagwera pa msipu, ndi pa nthaka, amawononga nyama ndi zomera za padziko lapansi.

osiyanasiyana mvula

Nthawi zina anthu angaone zochitika monga mvula akuda. Wachikuda mvula - osungira nyama, koma ikhoza kukhala akuda. Kodi mvula aumbike ndi mumtundu? Mwachitsanzo, mvula wofiira chinaoneka April 1970 mu Thessaloníki ku Greece. mphepo zamphamvu pa Sahara chipululu anakweza zambiri particles wofiira dongo mkulu mu mlengalenga, ndipo kenako anawanyamula m'makole mu mlengalenga pa Greece. chimvula yagwa dongo kuchokera m'mitambo, koma mtundu wa mvula anali wofiira kwa nthawi yaitali. Mu 1959, Massachusetts zapita mvula ya mtundu wachikasu wonyezimira. Makamaka kunapezeka kuti kasupe mungu zomera anakweza zimapikukira m'mwamba. Ndipo mu March 1972, iye anagwa buluu chisanu cha French Alps: chisanu anali akuda mchere anabweretsa kwa Sahara.