Mapanga Russia: kodi iwo

Mapanga - ndi mikondo zachilengedwe, cavities ndi zitsime amene angapeze mwina sungunuka thanthwe. Ali omveka bwino ndi arches makolokoto anapanga chifukwa choko ndi laimu. Mu madera kumene nyengo yozizira ozizira mpweya akulowa m'phanga ndipo pali patsogolo, ngakhale m'chilimwe kutentha mpweya pafupi ziro. Ndipo pa zipupa ndi denga anapanga ndi achisanu kutumphuka, stalactites ndi stalagmites. Kungur Ice Cave, ili mu dera Perm, mmodzi wa wotchuka ndi lalikulu mapanga Russian, limayenda kutalika kwa pafupifupi isanu makilomita. Ili mkati phiri achisanu pa gombe lamanja la Sylva mtsinje.

Kodi mapanga anapanga overlie ngati miyala monga laimu ndi gypsum, choko, dolomite, nsangalabwi ndi mchere. Pali Madzi a mvula yokwanira ndiponso okwera. Mapanga zigwirizana ofukula mipata zitsime, migodi, ndime mwachibadwa, mphako, maholo ndi labyrinths. Pa makoma ndipo kudenga kukumana stalagnates, stalagmites, stalactites, sinter-anapanga m'malovu ndi capillary Kakhungu helictites, ndi crystallictites corallites. Mu kuya kwa m'mapanga akuyenda mitsinje mobisa, mathithi, nyanja anapanga ndi kwabasi "zaberegami". Pakuti mapanga yodziwika ndi microclimate wapadera. Otchedwa speleofauna chifukwa cha kusowa kwa dzuwa ndi mkulu wa ndende wa carbon dioxide. mpweya kutentha mkati zonse ndi wofanana ndi pafupifupi kutentha kwa malo amene ali pafupi.

Kum'mwera kwa mapiri a Ural, pa dera la Bashkortostan, ndi phanga Shulgan-Tash. Mu 1950, Soviet katswiriyo A. Ryumin anaphunzira kuphanga. Iye anapeza zojambula thanthwe pafupi theka kilometre. Image rhinos, mammoths, njati ndi akavalo zinalengedwa ndi ocher. Chofukula zotsalira anthu, mafupa nyama, makala zimasonyeza kuti panali anthu oposa khumi ndi zinayi ndi theka zaka zikwi zapitazo. Tsopano m'nyumbayi wamangidwa mkati m'phanga.

m'mapanga Russian achuluka. Angapezeke mu East Sayan Mapiri ndi mu dela la mzinda. m'mapanga onse mabusa ndi chiyambi yokumba. Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mu malo awa ife anatenga mwala ndi kumangira Moscow. Pa nthawi ina chimachititsanso ndithu, ena anapanga zolakwa ndi fractures. Panopa Podmoskovnye mapanga kuposa kutalika kwa Caucasus. Amakopeka masikolala ndi alendo. Anthu ambiri akuyesa wosangalala masiku imvi, kumeneko kukondwerera masiku a kubadwa, maukwati ndi zikondwerero zina. makhalidwe oipa m'kaidi nthawi zina zimabweretsa mavuto adzaoneni. Chifukwa cha ichi, m'makomo kuti aphe ladzala ndi akuluakulu.

Posachedwapa, mapanga anayamba kumwedwa mankhwala. microclimate awo ali katundu umathandizanso odwala mphumu. The digiri yapamwamba ya mpweya wa poizoni ndi ionization mpweya m'mapanga ndi zotsatira opindulitsa pa machitidwe mantha ndi mtima. Speleoclimatic woyamba chipinda yokonzedwa zolemba zatsiku "Kama" ndi "Malachite" mu achisangalalo Ayenela-Kachka.