Stomata zomera: chizindikiritso, malo ntchito. Tanthauzo la stomata zomera kupuma

The stomata wa mbewu - ndi pore, zopezeka mu zigawo khungu. Iwo ntchito asanduke nthunzi owonjezera madzi ndi mpweya kuwombola wa maluwa ndi chilengedwe.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba iwo zinadziwika mu 1675, pamene zachilengedwe Marcello Malpighi lofalitsidwa anapeza ake plantarum Anatome. Komabe, iye sanali wokhoza kuthetsa cholinga chawo chenicheni, amene anali kutsogolera kwa chitukuko cha malingaliro tsogolo ndi kafukufuku.

Mbiri ya phunziroli

Kenako Baton anatenga chi Marcello - Neemiya Gryu. Iye anandiuza kuti mtengo wa stomata mu mpweya wa zomera ofanana ndi udindo wa trachea mu tizilombo ndiponso m'njira zina Chapafupi wake anali pafupi choonadi.

M'zaka za m'ma XIX, nthawi yaitali patsogolo kafukufuku. Ndiyamika Hugo Von Pempherani ndi Simoni Schwendener anadziwika mfundo za stomata ndi gulu lawo ndi mtundu wa nyumbayi.

apezazi zapereka kutsogolera amphamvu kuti timvetse bwino ntchito nthawi yaitali, koma mbali zina za maphunziro zapitazi lipitirize anaphunzira mpaka tsopano.

Kapangidwe ka pepala

Izi mbali ya mbewu, ngati khungu ndi stomata, amanena makonzedwe a mkati mwa pepala, koma kuganizira kaye matabwa ake akunja. Choncho, mndandanda kumaphatikizapo:

• Leaf mbale - lathyathyathya, kusintha mbali udindo dzuwa, mpweya kuwombola, evaporation wa madzi ndi vegetative kafalitsidwe (kwa mitundu ina).
• Zapansi zomwe ndi nsalu maphunziro, amene akutumikira kuonjezera mbale ndi tsinde. Komanso nazo pepalalo Ufumuyo tsinde la.
• Stipule - awiri mapangidwe m'munsi pa, amateteza masamba axillary.
• Petiole - pepala tapered gawo kulumikiza mbale ndi tsinde la. Ndiyenso amabweretsa ntchito yofunika: lathu kuunika, ndiponso kukula mwa nsalu maphunziro.

Kunja Kapangidwe ka pepala zimachitika mosiyana malinga ndi mawonekedwe ndi mtundu (losavuta / zovuta) koma magawo onse amene ali pamwambawa ndi zopezeka.

Zipangizo mkati monga khungu ndi stomata, ndipo zosiyanasiyana n'kupanga nsalu ndi mitsempha. Aliyense wa zinthu ali dongosolo yake.

Mwachitsanzo, nsalu zofunda za mbali mbale akunja wapangidwa ndi maselo amoyo, osiyana kukula ndi mawonekedwe. Kwambiri kungotengeka amene ndi chilungamo kuti amalola dzuwa kudutsa mu pepala ya.

maselo ang'onoang'ono ili penapake chozama muli chloroplasts, omwe akutipatsa masamba obiriwira. Chifukwa katundu wawo, anaitanidwa trailing. Malinga mlingo wa hydration ndiye wothinikizidwa, pakati pawo kupanga stomatal kudula.

kapangidwe

Kutalika kwa stomata zomera imasiyana malingana ndi mtundu ndi mmene Kuphunzira amalandira. Ambiri pores lalikulu kufika kukula kwa 1 cm. Iwo ndi maselo stoma kusamala kuti zonse mlingo wa kutsegula ake.

Limagwirira a m'gulu lawo m'malo ovuta ndi osiyana mitundu osiyana. Ambiri a iwo - malingana ndi madzi ndi chloroplasts - minofu maselo turgor angathe kuchepa ndi kuchuluka, potero kusintha kutsegula kwa stomata lapansi.

Cholinga stomatal anatumbula

Mwina, palibe kukhala pa mbali imeneyi, monga ntchito tsamba. Iye akudziwa za izo ngakhale sukulu. Koma kuti akakomane stomata? ntchito yawo - kuonetsetsa transpiration (ndondomeko ya kayendedwe madzi zomera ndi evaporation ake kudzera ziwalo kunja monga masamba, umatheka ndi maluwa), zomwe zimatheka chifukwa cha ntchito maselo alonda. limagwirira Izi chimateteza zomera ndi kuyanika yotentha ndiponso kupewa inali kuwola ndondomeko kuyamba m'mikhalidwe chinyezi kwambiri. kugwira ntchito ndi losavuta: pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi mu maselo si kuthamanga zokwanira pa khoma akugwa, ndipo stomatal kudula atseka pamene kusunga chofunika kuti azidya chinyezi wokhutira.

M'malo mwake, overabundance ake kumabweretsa kuthamanga chinawonjezeka ndi kutsegula pores, imene chinyezi owonjezera ukuphwera. Chifukwa ichi, ntchito ya stomata mu yozizira zomera ndi mkulu, kuyambira kutentha mpweya yafupika mozungulira kudutsa transpiration.

Chabwino pansipa kusiyana ndi mpweya M'mimbamo, amene akutumikira pa kuwombola mpweya. Air akulowa zomera kudzera pores, kuti kuyamba zina ndondomeko dzuwa ndi kupuma. Owonjezera mpweya ndiye akatulutsidwa m'mlengalenga mwa chomwecho stomatal kudula onse. Pankhaniyi, kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gulu la zomera.

pepala ntchito

Pepala ndi thupi akunja, amene amayendetsa photosynthesis, kupuma, transpiration, Guttation ndi vegetative kafalitsidwe. Komanso akhoza kudziunjikira chinyezi ndi nkhani organic kudzera stomata, komanso kupereka kusinthasintha yaikulu mapangidwe mbewu zovuta.

Monga madzi - waukulu malo okhudza maselo ambiri, excretion ndipo makope madzimadzi mkati mtengo kapena maluwa ndi ofunika pa ntchito yake. Pankhaniyi chomera zimatenga% 0.2 okha chinyezi kudutsa therethrough, Mavesi amapita ku transpiration ndi Guttation, kumene kumachitika chifukwa kayendedwe ka kusungunuka salt mchere ndi kuzirala.

Vegetative kubalana nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi kudula ndi rooting masamba maluwa. Ambiri zomera m'nyumba mwakula mofananamo ngati njira yokhayo ukhale mitundu.

Monga tanena kale, masamba kusinthidwa kuthandiza kuti azolowere zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha mu spines zomera chipululu kumathandiza kuchepetsa chinyezi evaporation, tinyanga azimveka mapulaniwo ntchito, ndi chachikulu Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa madzi kuteteza ndi zakudya pamene nyengo musalole m'matangadza kudyetsa nthawi zonse.

Ndipo mndandanda zambiri. Pamene n'zovuta kuti muzindikire kuti ntchito izi ndi chimodzimodzi kwa maluwa masamba ndi mitengo.

Nthawi zina zomera mulibe stomata?

Popeza stomatal anatumbula khalidwe la zomera apamwamba, ilipo mu mitundu yonse, ndi molakwa likusowa, ngakhale palibe mtengo kapena maluwa masamba. Nokha kuti ulamuliro wa kelp ndi algae ena.

Kapangidwe ka stomata ndi ntchito zawo conifers, Mumapezekanso, horsetails, floaters ndi zomera mossy osiyana ndi anthu a maluwa. Ambiri a iwo anatumbula lotseguka tsiku ndi kutenga nawo mbali pa kuwombola mpweya ndi transpiration; kuchotserapo ndi cacti ndi succulents, amene pores ali chipenyere usiku wabwino ndi isanayambike m'mawa pofuna kupulumutsa madzi m'madera louma.

The stomata chomera, amene masamba tiwolokere padziko madzi, ili okha wosanjikiza chapamwamba khungu, ndi "amangokhala" masamba - pansi. The mitundu ina ya mipata awa akupezekanso pa mbali zonse za mbale.

Location stomata

Mu zomera dicotyledonous slits stomatal ili pa mbali zonse za mbale pepala, koma chiwerengero chawo pansi ndi akuluakulu pang'ono kuposa pamwamba. kusiyana Ichi ndi chifukwa kufunika kuchepetsa chinyezi evaporation padziko bwino aunika la chipepalacho.

Pakuti monocots palibe limatchula pa malo stomata, chifukwa zimatengera malangizo a mbale kukula. Mwachitsanzo, masamba a chomera khungu ndi ofuna vertically, lili ndi anthu ngati omwewo pores mu chapamwamba ndi wosanjikiza m'munsi.

Monga tanena kale, masamba akuyandama pa underside wa stomatal ndi anatumbula kwina, chifukwa iwo kuyamwa madzi kupyolera cuticle, komanso ngati zomera kwathunthu zamoyo ndi zimenezi kuposa sakupezeka.

Stomata wa conifers zili pansi pa endoderm, potero kuchepetsa luso lawo transpiration.

Komanso, kuchokera malo ndi osiyana ndi ulemu pamwamba pa khungu. mipata mwina limagwirizana ndi ena "khungu" maselo kupita pamwamba kapena pansipa, kupanga mizere zonse kapena mosintha anamwazikana pa minofu ❖ kuyanika.

Cacti, sukullentov ndi zomera zina lake Masamba kwina kapena kusinthidwa ndi kusintha mu masingano, stomata ndi ili umatheka ndi minofu.

mitundu

The stomata wa mbewu anawagawa osiyanasiyana malingana ndi malo maselo m'munsili:

• Anomotsitny - amaonedwa kuti ambiri, pamene mbali Nyerere si amasiyana ena amene mwa khungu. Monga mmodzi wa zosintha wosalira angatchedwe laterotsitny mtundu.
• Paracytic - amakhala ndi zikufanana oimbira m'munsili maselo wachibale stomatal kudula.
• Diatsitny - ali awiri okha mbali-particles.
• Anizotsitny - lembani chibadidwe zomera zokha maluwa, ndi maselo atatu m'munsili, mmodzi amene ali ndinasintha osiyana kukula.
• Tetratsitny - Ndi mmene kwa monocots, ali maselo anayi m'munsili.
• Entsiklotsitny - pali tinthu mbali atsekedwa padziko lanu mphete.
• Peritsitny - ankaikira stoma, osati chikugwirizana ndi selo pansiyi iye.
• Desmotsitny - isiyana ndi mtundu wakale yekha pamaso pa lumikiza mipata ndi tinthu mosayembekezera.

Nawa kokha mitundu otchuka.

Mmene Zinthu Environmental pa dongosolo kunja pepalalo

Pakuti kupulumuka kwa zomera ndi zofunika kwambiri mlingo wa kusinthasintha ake. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa m'madera yonyowa yodziwika ndi mbale yaikulu masamba ndi ambiri stomata, pamene m'madera louma, limagwirira izi amachita mosiyana. No maluwa kapena mitengo musati amasiyana kukula, ndipo chiwerengero langokhala kwambiri, kuteteza evaporation kwambiri.

Choncho, tikuona mmene ziwalo za zomera mchikakamizo cha kusintha chilengedwe unpredictably pa nthawi yomwe imakhudza chiwerengero cha stomata.