Ndi zochita lililonse kwa alkanes Kodi

Lililonse kalasi ya mankhwala akhoza kuonetsa katundu chifukwa dongosolo lawo amagetsi. Pakuti alkanes lililonse M'MALO anachita, pogawanikana pamawere kapena makutidwe ndi okosijeni maselo. njira yonse mankhwala ndi makamaka zawo otaya, zomwe zina takambirana.

alkanes Kodi

Izi zimalimbikitsa hydrocarbon mankhwala, amene amadziwika monga paraffin. mamolekyulu izi zigwirizana yekha mpweya ndi wa hydrogen maatomu, ndi liniya kapena nthambi acyclic unyolo limene pali pawiri umodzi. Popeza makhalidwe a kalasi, mukhoza kuwerengera zimene anachita khalidwe la alkanes. Iwo amatsatila mfundo kalasi lonse: H _{2n + 2} C _N.

kapangidwe mankhwala

Paraffin molekyulu limapangidwa mpweya maatomu naonetsere SP ³ mwakusakaniza. Iwo onse valence orbitals anayi chimodzimodzi mawonekedwe, mphamvu ndi malangizo m'malere. Kukula kwa mbali pakati zimatiyika mphamvu ya 109 ° ndi 28.

Kupezeka kwa nsinga osakwatira mamolekyulu Mzimuyo zimene zochita ndi khalidwe la alkanes. Iwo ali σ-pawiri. Communication pakati carbons ndi nonpolar ndi ofooka polarizable, ndi pang'ono yaitali kuposa C-H. Komanso, osalimba elekitironi wa anasintha ndi mpweya atomu ndi electronegative kwambiri. Pawiri chifukwa amakhala ndi C-H otsika polarity.

M'MALO anachita

paraffins zinthu kalasi ndi otsika ntchito mankhwala. Izi zingathe kufotokozedwa ndi mphamvu ya ubwenzi C-C ndi C-H, n'zovuta kuswa chifukwa sanali polarity. Chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa ndi homolytic limagwirira, mmene ufulu kwakukulu mtundu nawo. N'chifukwa chake alkanes yodziwika ndi wa M'MALO anachita. zinthu zina amatha kucheza ndi tinthu madzi kapena ayoni a mlandu zonyamulira.

Iwo Udindo ufulu kwakukulu M'MALO imene maatomu wa hydrogen ndi m'malo mwa zinthu halogen kapena zina gulu yogwira. motero monga njira zokhudzana halogenation, sulfochlorination ndi nitration. Zimenezi zimachititsa yokonza opangidwa kuchokera alkane. M'MALO zochita Zenizeni kudzera ufulu kwakukulu limagwirira ndi mtundu waukulu wa magawo atatu:

1. Ndondomeko imayamba ndi nucleation mwambo kapena unyolo, amene ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ufulu anapanga. The catalysts ali magwero a kuwala ultraviolet ndi magetsi.
2. Ndiye akufotokozera unyolo imene motsatizana particles yogwira anagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi tinthu kulalikira. Kodi kutembenuka mtima kwawo ku mamolekyulu ndi ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira, motero.
3. Chinthu chomaliza adzaswa unyolo. Pali recombination kapena mofulumira particles yogwira. Choncho anathetsa chitukuko cha unyolo anachita.

The ndondomeko ya halogenation

Bukuli lili limagwirira a mtundu kwakukulu. Alkane halogenation anachita kumachitika walitsa ndi kuwala ndipo Kutentha kwa osakaniza halogens ndi chimasanduka.

magawo onse a ndondomeko imvera ulamuliro kuti ananena Markovnikov. Lembali limati amaloŵamo M'MALO ndi halogen, makamaka wa hydrogen, yomwe ndi yochokera kwa mpweya hydrogenated. Halogenation chikuchitika mu ndondomeko izi: ku chachikulu ndi ukachenjede mpweya atomu.

ndondomeko amatenga malo abwino mamolekyulu alkane ndi nthawi yaikulu hydrocarbon unyolo. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ionizing mphamvu umenewu, thunthu mosavuta lamamatira elekitironi.

Chitsanzo ndi chlorination la tinthu dziko. The kanthu cheza ultraviolet zimayambitsa akuwaza chlorine kwakukulu mitundu kuti agwire kuukira alkane lapansi. Kupatukana amapezeka ndi mapangidwe atomiki wa hydrogen H ₃ C · kapena methyl kwakukulu. Chotero Nyerere yaing'ono, nayenso kuukira chlorine maselo, kuchiwonongeko wa matabwa ake ndi mapangidwe mankhwala atsopano.

Nthaŵi iliyonse siteji ndondomeko M'MALO ikuchitika chimodzi chokha atomu wa hydrogen. The halogenation zimene alkanes kumabweretsa mapangidwe mwapang'onopang'ono hlormetanovoy, dichloromethane, ndi trihlormetanovoy tetrahlormetanovoy molekyulu.

Schematically, ndondomeko ndi motere:

H ₄ C + cl: cl → H ₃ CCl + HCl,

H ₃ CCl + cl: cl → H ₂ CCl ₂ + HCl,

H ₂ CCl ₂ + cl: cl → HCCl ₃ + HCl,

HCCl ₃ + cl: cl → CCl ₄ + HCl.

Mosiyana ndi chlorination wa dziko mamolekyulu onyamula ndondomeko zimenezi ndi alkanes ena yodziwika kupeza zinthu ndi M'MALO wa hydrogen si mpweya atomu, ndi ochepa. chiŵerengero awo kachulukidwe kugwirizana ndi zizindikiro kutentha. Mu zikhalidwe ozizira, kuchepa mlingo wa mapangidwe ena ofanana ndi a ukachenjede, zasekondale ndi zapulaimale dongosolo.

Ndi kukula kutentha chandamale liwiro mapangidwe mankhwala otere angaimbidwenso. Mu ndondomeko halogenation pali mphamvu ya chinthu malo amodzi amene amasonyeza Mwina osiyanasiyana kugunda kwa kwakukulu ndi mpweya atomu.

Ndondomeko halogenation ndi ayodini zimachokeradi m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa. M'pofunika kulenga zinthu zapadera. Atadziŵa dziko kumachitika malinga halogen iodide zosayembekezereka wa hydrogen. Iwo ali zimakhudzanso methyl iodide chifukwa kuoneka reactants koyamba methane ndi ayodini. Zimenezi akuti ndi kusintha.

Wurtz zimene alkanes

Ndi njira chopezera chimasanduka ndi zimalimbikitsa dongosolo symmetrical. Monga reactants ntchito zitsulo sodium, alkyl bromides kapena chlorides alkyl. Ndi anzake anakonza ndi sodium halide awo ndi kuchuluka hydrocarbon unyolo umene uli Uwerenge awiri ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira hydrocarbon. Schematically, kaphatikizidwe ndi motere: R-CL + CL-R + 2Na → R-R + 2NaCl.

Wurtz zimene alkanes zimatheka ngati halogens mu mamolekyulu awo ali pa mpweya atomu chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ br.

Ngati pa sewero galogenuglevodorododnaya chisakanizo cha mankhwala awiri, mu condensation unyolo atatu osiyana anapanga mankhwala. Chitsanzo cha linachepa atha kutumikira ngati ndi sodium alkane mogwirizana ndi chloromethanes ndi hloretanom. linanena bungwe ndi osakaniza chikukhudza byuteni, propane ndi ethane.

Kuwonjezera sodium, zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zina soda, monga lifiyamu kapena potaziyamu.

ndondomeko sulfochlorination

Limatchedwanso ya Reed anachita. Ilo liri pa mfundo za ufulu m'malo. Mtundu wa anachita ndi ankaikira alkanes kutsogoleredwa ndi osakaniza woipa sulfure ndi chlorine maselo pamaso cheza ultraviolet.

Dongosololi limayamba ndi mwambo wa limagwirira unyolo, mmene chlorine kuwapeza ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira awiri. Mmodzi kuukira alkane kuti zinagwira particles ndi alkyl ndi tinthu wa mankhwala enaake a hydrogen. Ndi hydrocarbon kwakukulu Ufumuyo kupanga sulfure woipa particles zovuta. Ziziyenda adani kumachitika munthu chlorine atomu ku molekyulu wina. Nkhani yomaliza ndi alkane sulfonyl enaake, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala pamwamba-yogwira.

Schematically, ndondomeko amaoneka ngati izi:

CLCL → ^hv ∙ CL + ∙ cl,

HR + ∙ CL → R ∙ + HCl,

R ∙ + OSO → ∙ RSO _2,

∙ RSO ₂ + ClCl → RSO ₂ cl + ∙ CL.

Njira kugwirizana ndi nitration

Alkanes anatani ndi asidi nitric mu njira 10% ndi okusayidi tetravalent asafe mu mkhalidwe gaseous. Zinthu zosayembekezereka ake ndi mfundo zabwino kutentha (pafupifupi 140 ° C) ndi makhalidwe otsika mavuto. Pa linanena bungwe opangidwa nitroalkanes.

The ndondomeko ya ufulu kwakukulu mtundu dzina la sayansi ndi Konovalov, anatsegula nitration kaphatikizidwe: CH ₄ + HNO ₃ → CH ₃ NO ₂ + H ₂ O.

Limagwirira wa pogawanikana pamawere

Pakuti lililonse alkane dehydrogenation ndi akulimbana. Dziko molekyulu amaloŵamo wathunthu matenthedwe kuwonongeka.

Limagwirira zoyambirira za zochita pamwambapa ndi pogawanikana pamawere maatomu ku alkanes.

ndondomeko dehydrogenation

Pamene kulekanitsa maatomu haidrojeni pa mpweya mafupa a paraffins, kupatula dziko analandira mankhwala unsaturated. Chotero zochita mankhwala alkanes anayesedwa pa kutentha (400 600 ° C) ndi pansi accelerators kanthu monga pulatinamu, faifi tambala, oxides chromium ndi zotayidwa.

Ngati nawo zimene ethane kapena propane mamolekyulu, ndiye mankhwala ake adzakhala ethene kapena propene ndi chomangira umodzi awiri.

The dehydrogenation wa zinayi kapena zisanu mpweya mafupa analandira diene pawiri. Kuyambira anapanga byuteni-1,3 butadiene ndi 1,2-butadiene.

Ngati alipo mwa zinthu zimene ndi 6 kapena kuposa mpweya maatomu, benzene ndi aumbike. Ilinso ndi mphete onunkhira m'ndende zitatu awiri.

The ndondomeko kugwirizana ndi kuwonongeka

Mu kutentha zimene alkanes angaphunzitse ndi kusiyana nsinga mpweya ndi mapangidwe mitundu yogwira mtundu kwakukulu. njira amenewa amatchedwa akulimbana kapena pyrolysis.

Kutentha kwa reactants kutentha choposa 500 ° C, zotsatira mu kuwonongeka kwa maselo limene anapanga zosakaniza zovuta a ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira alkyl-mtundu.

Kunyamula pansi Kutentha wamphamvu pa pyrolysis wa alkanes ndi mpweya unyolo kutalika chifukwa kupeza mankhwala zimalimbikitsa ndi unsaturated. Njirayi imatchedwa matenthedwe akulimbana. Zimenezi ntchito mpaka cha m'ma 20.

The drawback anali kupeza chimasanduka ndi otsika octeni chiwerengero (osachepera 65), choncho linasintha akulimbana chothandizira. ndondomeko udzachitika pa kutentha kuti ali pansipa 440 ° C ndi mavuto zosakwana 15 atmospheres, mu pamaso pa aluminosilicate accelerator kumasulidwa alkanes ndi dongosolo nthambi. Chitsanzo ndi pyrolysis wa dziko: 2 Mbiri ₄ → ^{T °} C ₂ H ₂ + 3H _2. Anapanga acetylene ndi maselo a hydrogen pa zotani.

molekyulu mwina pansi dziko kutembenuka. Kuti anachita zimenezi zimafuna madzi ndi faifi tambala chothandizira. linanena bungwe ndi osakaniza a carbon monoxide ndi wa hydrogen.

njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Zimene mankhwala kuti zikusonyeza alkane kugwirizana ndi kukhudza elekitironi.

Pali galimoto-makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa paraffins. Kumafuna ufulu kwakukulu limagwirira wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa. Pa zimene, madzi gawo alkane hydroperoxide analandira. Poyamba paraffin molekyulu amachitira ndi mpweya mu allocated ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira yogwira. Kenako, alkyl tinthu interacts wina molekyulu O _2, analandira ∙ Roo. Popeza peroxy kwakukulu asidi ndi mafuta ndi analankhulana alkane molekyulu, kenako anamasulidwa hydroperoxide. Chitsanzo ndi autooxidation wa ethane:

C ₂ H ₆ + O ₂ → ∙ C ₂ H ₅ + HOO ∙,

∙ C ₅ H ₂ + ₂ → ∙ OOC ₂ H _5,

∙ OOC ₂ H ₅ + C ₂ H ₆ → HOOC ₂ H ₅ + ∙ C ₂ H _5.

Pakuti alkane yodziwika ndi zimene kuyaka kuti makamaka mankhwala katundu, kudziwa zikuchokera nkhuni. Iwo zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni mu chikhalidwe ndi umuna kutentha: 2C ₂ H ₆ + 7O ₂ → 4CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O.

Ngati njira zimawonedwa mu pang'ono mpweya, pomalizira pake akhoza kukhala divalent mpweya kapena mpweya monoxide, yomwe anatsimikiza ndi anthu ambiri O _2.

Mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa alkanes atamwa mankhwala othandizira ndi mkangano 200 ° C analandira mowa molekyulu, aldehyde kapena asidi carboxylic.

CHITSANZO ethane:

C ₂ H ₆ + O ₂ → C ₂ H ₅ HA (Mowa),

C ₂ H ₆ + O ₂ → CH ₃ Cho + H ₂ O (ethanal ndi madzi)

2C ₂ H ₆ + 3O ₂ → 2 Mbiri ₃ COOH + 2H ₂ O (ethanoic acid ndi madzi).

Alkanes akhoza oxidized pansi zochita za peroxides ozungulira trinomial. Zikuphatikizapo dimethyl dioxirane. The chifukwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa molekyulu paraffins mowa.

Oimira paraffins salabadira KMnO ₄ kapena permanganate potaziyamu, komanso madzi bromine.

isomerization

Pa alkanes yodziwika M'MALO mtundu anachita ndi limagwirira electrophilic. Izi akutchulidwa isomerization wa unyolo mpweya. Catalyzes ndondomeko iyi mankhwala enaake zotayidwa, amene anachitira ndi paraffin zimalimbikitsa. Chitsanzo ndi isomerization wa byuteni molekyulu, ndilo 2-methylpropane: C ₄ H ₁₀ → C ₃ H ₇ CH _3.

ndondomeko flavoring

Zimalimbikitsa zinthu zimene waukulu mpweya unyolo lili ndi kamodzi kapena kupitirirapo maatomu mpweya, amatha kuchititsa dehydrocyclization. Pakuti mamolekyulu chidule si khalidwe la linachepa. Chifukwa ndi nthawi mphete asanu ndi ziwalo ngati cyclohexane ndi ena ofanana zace.

Pamaso pa accelerators anachita, ndipo apatsira dehydrogenation zina za kutembenuka mu khola zambiri benzene mphete. Zimachitika akatembenuka chimasanduka acyclic kuti aromatics kapena m'bwalomo. Chitsanzo ndi dehydrocyclization wa hexane:

H ₃ C-CH ₂ - CH ₂ - CH ₂ - CH ₂ -CH ₃ → C ₆ H ₁₂ (cyclohexane)

C ₆ H ₁₂ → C ₆ H ₆ + 3H ₂ (benzene).