Russian luso kwa zaka za m'ma 20 ndi mitundu yake

"Oyera" zojambulajambula, kulalikira mfundo za Musati muzidalira pa nkhani za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale komanso zimene zikuchitika, - wangwiro, koma zenizeni chodabwitsa.

N'zosatheka kuchita popanda moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, osati powasamalira maganizo mosavuta mmadera - osankhidwa ndi osasankhidwa. Russian m'ma 20 luso akhudzidwa ndi kusintha mu dongosolo chikhalidwe cha wamphamvu, osadziwika kwa dziko lina lililonse.

Chiyambi cha m'ma Kufunafuna nzeru zatsopano

zaka 100 za XX m'ma lonse la chitukuko anali nthawi ya mavuto osayembekezereka. Pofika kumapeto kwa XX m'ma zamakono patsogolo cholizira nthawi ndi malo dziko lonse, mikangano imene imachitika mu dera zochepa kunakula kukhala zodabwitsa mapulaneti lonse. Culture ndi luso la m'ma 20 Russia, komanso onse ntchito anthu mu Europe ndi America, ali tinkakondana yochepa nkhani yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri posachedwapa.

manambala Magic kusonyeza chiyambi cha m'ma watsopano, nthawi zonse amapanga kuyembekezera kusintha, chiyembekezo cha kubwera kwa watsopano, nthawi osangalala. M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, amene analenga dziko lonse kutchuka chikhalidwe Russian, ozika mizu m'mbuyomu, kusiya mwambo kuti akhoza kutha usiku.

"World wa Art" - otchedwa kucheza aluso kuti anatuluka mu chaka cha 1898 ndipo zinatha ndi zosokoneza mpaka 1924, popanda zomwe n'zosatheka kulingalira luso kotala loyamba la m'ma 20 ku Russia. The "miriskusstnikov" analibe wina, chiwerengero kwaiye kalembedwe - amisiri, likutipatsa ojambula zithunzi, Osema anapita njira zawo osiyana, ndi chilolezo cha maganizo pa cholinga cha luso ndi ntchito zake pa anthu. Zinthu zambiri maganizo amenewa anafotokoza namatetule Mihaila Vrubelya. Ofunda pakati maziko a kucheza anali L. S. Bakst, M. Dobuzhinsky, E. E. Lansere, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev, K. A. Somov. Nthawi zina, izo panafika Bilibin, A. Ya. Golovin, I. E. Grabar, KA Korovin, BM Kustodiev, N. K. Rerih, V. A. Serov ndi ambuye ena.

Iwo onse amadziwa azimvera Luso la zojambulajambula, mbali yaikulu ya ufulu kulenga ndi ufulu wa mmisiri ku mbalume anthu, osati kumakana kufunika kwa luso mmoyo wa munthu, zionetsero ndi chinthu chimodzimodzi maphunziro pa dzanja limodzi ndi ndyale kwambiri za kupenta pa Wanderers - pa ena. Kudzudzulidwa kumbali ya miyambo ya "World wa Art" akhoza sizikugwirizana mu ndondomeko mofulumira kubadwa kwa "proletarian" zojambulajambula, koma yathandiza yaikulu onse maluso abwino m'ma 20 Russia - ndi amene ankagwira ntchito ku Soviet Union, komanso amene ali emigration.

zamakono

Zaka zotsirizira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi anali nthawi ya kubadwa kwa kalembedwe watsopano amene anachoka chizindikiro mu ntchito za ambuye luso labwino ndi zomangamanga. Iwo anali ndi makhalidwe chake m'madera ena a ku Ulaya, kumene ngakhale kutchedwa mosiyana. Mu Belgium ndi France, munakhala dzina "Art Nouveau" mu Germany - "Art Nouveau" mu Austria - "Secession". Dziwani maina ena amagwirizana ndi amisiri wotchuka wa kalembedwe ichi kapena Makampani kubala mumaganiza ofanana mipando, zodzikongoletsera mankhwala ena: kalembedwe musha, Guimard kalembedwe - mu France, Liberty mu Italy, mu United States - Tiffany kalendala, etc. Luso la Russia .. m'ma 20 zomangamanga makamaka mumamuona monga kalembedwe modernist.

Art Nouveau anakhala patapita nthawi yaitali stagnation wa kalembedwe imodzi mumaganiza kwambiri limaonetseratu ndi zowoneka luso inkayenda. zomera khalidwe Lake, yosalala khalidwe la zimalimbikitsa mizere zokongoletsa pamodzi ndi mitundu yosavuta zojambula ndi limaonetseratu anakopeka yambiri kutsitsimuka ndi m'maganizo aluso ndi mapulani.

Fodor Osipovich Shehtel (1859-1926) - Russian nyenyezi a zomangamanga ano. talente yake wapereka makhalidwe dziko kwenikweni munkapezeka kalembedwe katswiri Shechtel - Yaroslavsky Station, Ryabushinsky nyumba - chilengedwe ichi ndi Russian wamanga, ndi ambiri, ndi zina zowonjezera zomwe zikuperekedwa.

Pre-chosintha vanguard

ndondomeko kupeza mitundu yatsopano ya luso, ndi zambiri - mfundo wake watsopano - Kudali kofunikira kuti luso ku Ulaya ndi ku America. Russian luso la m'ma 20 lili nthawi zina kwenikweni chosintha, pamene ntchito ya okonzanso ochepa ananena malangizo atsopano chitukuko cha ganizo luso. Chimodzi mwa chidwi ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi yapakati-chosintha zapakati pa 1905 ndi 1917. Features wa avant-garde luso Russia ankayambitsa ndi mavuto Russian moyo pagulu pambuyo tsoka la Chirasha Japanese nkhondo ndi kuukira boma la 1905.

Adanyamuka nthawi imeneyi ambiri avant-garde kayendedwe ndi dera kulenga ndi zimayambitsa ofanana ndi kupoletsa zolinga zofanana kufufuza luso. Ndi mphamvu pa luso zoyambirira za m'ma 20 mu Russian Futurists ndi Cubo-Futurists, "Jack ya diamondi" ndi "Blue Rose", Kandinsky ndi Malevich a Suprematism njira zosiyanasiyana kuyang'ana kwa zolengedwa zatsopano, anafotokoza luso lakale la mavutowo, tataya kukhudza ndi chowonadi, otsogola pa Kubwera kwa chipwirikiti padziko lonse .

Mwa malingaliro atsopano obadwa avant-garde, anali lingaliro la kaphatikizidwe zaluso. Kochititsa luso la m'ma 20 Russia lili M'masamba otsatirawa ngati sewero wotchuka - za malonjezano a latsopano luso "Kugonjetsa Dzuwa" (1913). Icho chinali chifukwa cha wamba kulenga futurist andakatulo A. zopotoka, M. Matyushina, Khlebnikov ndi yokongola anaphedwa Kazimir Malevich.

Akatidzadza mukuyesetsa luso la m'ma 20 Russian ojambula zithunzi Konchalovsky, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Mashkov, Goncharova, Marc Chagall anakhala Olemba zojambula kuti mwalandira kuzindikira lonse. Iwo anayamba kuzindikira ichi mu zaka khumi za m'ma XX, mu nthawi ya kubadwa kwa avant-garde kupenta wa mbiri posachedwapa.

Mapangidwe luso Soviet

Pambuyo pa October kuukira boma, Russia ndi mwayi kutsegula M'maso yatsopano padziko lonse mu moyo wapoyera, kuphatikizapo luso losiyanasiyana. Ndipo zinthu zinalengedwa pachiyambi, pamene n'chachikulu kuchuluka kufunika kwa munthu aliyense mphatso, anabwera patsogolo magudumu a malingaliro atsopano kulenga.

Kodi amachitira pamene mbiri ya luso? Za m'ma 20, Russia, wobangula makumi - ndi unprecedentedly yogwira luso moyo wa magulu luso ambiri, pakati ndizo

- UNOVIS - "inde latsopano luso" (Malevich, Chagall, Lissitzky, Leporskaya, Sterligov). Maziko pa maziko a sukulu luso Vitebsk, ubale anali kumbuyo kwa luso avant-garde, ali anapereka kuyang'ana mfundo yatsopano ndi mawonekedwe a luso.

- "Zinayi Tirhana" - chifukwa mu mzere ndi "World wa Art" Cholinga - kusonyeza wautali kwambiri limaonetseratu angathe zomangamanga, zosemasema, kujambula ndi kujambula zithunzi. Kulengeza kufunika yabwino ndi ufulu kulenga. Oimira wotchuka kwambiri wa wamanga A. V. Schusev, amakonza V. A. Favorsky, ziboliboli V. I. Muhina, amisiri Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev ndi ena.

- "OST", "Society of Easel ojambula". Amaona waukulu zizindikiro za isanayambike moyo watsopano mtendere, ntchito yomanga dziko ano achinyamata mwa kalembedwe patsogolo limaonetseratu, koma yosavuta kumva. Atsogoleri: J. Sternberg, A. Deineka, Yu Pimenov, P. Williams.

- "Circle a ojambula" (Leningrad). Potsatira boma kusinthitsa ndalama, chitukuko cha "nthawi ya kalembedwe." anthu achangu a gulu: A. Samohvalov, Pakhomov, VA Pakulin.

- AHRR - "Association of ojambula a Chiwukirano Russia" - mgwirizano anakhala maziko kenako adalenga Union of ojambula wa USSR, yogwira wochititsa mizere ya utsogoleri maganizo a ndondomeko luso chida mabodza gulu olandira cholowa cha Wanderers. Ife tinaima pa mutu wa I. Brodsky, A. M. Gerasimov, MB Grekov, B. V. Ioganson.

constructionism

Mu mapulogalamu a mabungwe otchuka maphunziro kuti kuphunzitsa mapulani zopezeka kufufuza nkhaniyo "Russian Constructivism - mapulani avant-garde 20 ntchentche". Chofunika kwambiri kuti ali pa kumvetsetsa luso la zomangamanga, zogwirizana kwambiri kwa utali uliwonse wa nthawi ndi malingaliro enunciated ndi atsogoleri a malangizo. The nyumba kupulumuka kwa Konstantin Melnikov (nyumba wamanga Krivoarbatsky Lane club Rusakova pa Stromynka, Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage, etc.) Abale Vesnin, Moiseya Ginzburga (Narkomfin pa Novinsky Boulevard) ndi nyenyezi zina zokhudza Russian mapulani - lagolide thumba la zomangamanga dziko.

Functionalism, kupewa anakopekanso zosafunika wa aesthetics ya kapangidwe zomangamanga, mogwirizana analengedwa ndi chilengedwe - maganizo amenewa anakhala maziko a mavuto atsopano anafunsa kuti mapulani wamng'ono, aluso ndi akatswiri a m'derali kuti anatchedwa kapangidwe mafakitale. Iwo anali kumanga nyumba misa kwa midzi latsopano, magulu ogwira ntchito kukhala ndi umunthu wawo, polenga zinthu kwa ntchito ndi zina munthu watsopano. zipambano za avant-garde wa makumi zodabwitsa sangathe molambalala mwa kuphunzira luso la Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Zomangamanga ku Europe ndi America nthawi zonse wotsatira makamaka zochokera iwo. Ndi zomvetsa chisoni kuti malingaliro awa mwapang'onopang'ono anali wamng'ono mu ankafuna kunyumba, ndi kupindula kwambiri a zomangamanga Soviet chimagwiritsidwa ankamuona ngati "Ufumu wa Stalin".

Art mu lothandiza ya Ulamuliro

Mu 1932, a Maonekedwe a Komiti chapakati cha CPSU (b) pa ntchito ya magulu luso. Mafunde nyengo mumaganiza zosiyanasiyana ndi malangizo pa ntchito imene kupeza mphamvu ya makina boma olamulidwa ndi zida maganizo, zalimbitsa ulamuliro yekha. Kwa zaka zambiri, Russian luso kwa zaka za m'ma 20, mochuluka mu moyo wa dziko, wakhala amadalira maganizo a munthu mmodzi - Iosifa Stalina.

Creative mabungwe akhala njira subordination maganizo luso limodzi maganizo muyezo. Nthawi ya zokomera Kuzindikira ndi chithunzi. Pang'onopang'ono, zopatuka chilichonse mlingo boma anamukwiyira ochita, otsutsa kubwera pansi kupondereza weniweni. Atamunamizira kupatukira mzere chipani anali njira yothetsera zokambirana kulenga. The progressiveness izi N'zokayikitsa kwambiri. Kodi kukhala Mwachitsanzo, Russian zisudzo za m'ma 20, ngati si akodwa kupondereza kwambiri wokonzanso siteji Vsevolod Meyerhold?

Chikhalidwe cha talente luso ndi zovuta ndi zosamvetsetseka. Images atsogoleri anabwelenso ndi luso lalikulu ndi moona mtima. Ngakhale kupondereza mwankhanza koposa sanakhoze kulepheretsa zikamera a ojambula zithunzi moona luso, amene Chinthu chachikulu cha kudzipereka akuti kaya chimango maganizo.

Pa zomangamanga, nthawi "ufumu wa Stalin". Kufunafuna ndi avant-garde m'malo ndi kubwerera kwa malamulo kutsimikiziridwa. Mphamvu ya mfundo chikominisi ophatikizapo toyesa zochititsa chidwi kukonzedwa neoclassicism - Stalinist "nyumba zosanja zitalizitali".

Art nkhondo

Mu mbiri ya dziko lathu tili nthawi, anakhala tsoka lalikulu ndi n'kale lonse wa uzimu. Russia 20-21 m'ma luso wakhala umodzi wa mitu ikuluikulu, kumatithandiza kusonyeza ukulu wa khalidwe Russian dziko, kuya kwa maganizo kuti akhoza adziwe munthu ndi misa yaikulu pa kusokonekera mbiri.

The Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo kuyambira masiku oyambirira kunaonekera zithunzi zithunzi mphamvu zodabwitsa. I. Toidze chithunzi "limawatcha Mama!" Anakweza kuteteza dziko kuposa wa asilikali, ndipo "Kuteteza Sevastopol" Deineki ozunguza aliyense, kaya maganizo kuti akugwirizana. Monga chidwi Seventh Symphony Dmitriya Shostakovicha, ndi luso loimba za m'ma 20 Russia si zosakwana zina ntchito yolenga analipira msonkho kwa mutu wa nkhondo Fascism.

m'firiji pamtunda

Pambuyo Kugonjetsa Great zotsatirazi wamphamvu mbiri chinthu cha chikoka pa moyo pagulu mu USSR imfa ya Stalin (March 1953) ndi XX Congress wa CPSU, amene ankanena za kuvumbula mwambo wa umunthu. Pa nthawi ina chifukwa aluso, komanso anthu lonse, mpweya ufulu wa zilandiridwenso ndi malingaliro atsopano. Generation "zaka zao za sikisite" - chodabwitsa ndi zenizeni kwambiri, anasiya chikumbukiro ngati lalifupi kamphepo kayaziyazi, ndinapanga pamaso pamadzi kumbuyo mu dambo kwa zaka anayeza, utoto, malamulo alipo.

The zatsopano woyamba wa luso avant-garde za "yoweyula chachiwiri" - ntchito E.Belutin, Yu Sooster V. Yankylevsky, B. Zhutovsky etc. -. Kuti chionetsero odzipereka kwa chikumbutso 30 wa Moscow nthambi ya Union of ojambula, anali mwaukali natsutsa yekha mtsogoleri watsopano wa dziko H . Khrushchev. Party anayamba kufotokozera anthu a mtundu wanji luso m'pofunika, ndi amisiri - mmene kulemba.

Zomangamanga analamulidwa nkhondo lotayirira la izo ndi zoona chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma wa nthawi nkhondoyo, iyo inali nthawi yoti nyumba misa, ndi "Khrushchev" omwe achotsedwa ena acuteness vuto nyumba, koma nkhope maonekedwe owonongeka m'midzi yambiri.

Luso "anayamba sosholisimu"

Makamaka Russian luso la theka lachiwiri la m'ma 20 akhala mbiri za nkhondo luso umunthu ndi ofala. Koma ngakhale mu chikhalidwe cha lamulo maganizo chidutswa chilichonse cha malo auzimu ojambula zithunzi ambiri apeza njira pang'ono kusintha njira malangizo a Kuzindikira zokomera.

Choncho, muchisanzo chimenechi kwa achinyamata anali ambuye amene athandiza zikhulupiriro zawo ngakhale mu makumi kuti: N. Romadin, M. Saryan, A. zigawo ndi ena. Chithunzi cha membala wakale wa luso kuyanjana "OST" ndi Yuri Pimenov "Ukwati pa Mawa Street", wolembedwa mu 1962, unakhala chizindikiro cha chiyembekezo pomwe ammudzi.

China chodabwitsa m'Matchalitchi luso Soviet wa nthawi imeneyo anali kulengedwa kwa "kalembedwe chaukali". Mu Mawu amenewa amanena za ntchito G. Corjova, P. Ossovsky abale Smolin, P. Nikonov neri Al. Mu zojambula zawo, zinalembedwa Mitundu yosiyanasiyana (zoweta, mbiri yakale), panali ngwazi amene sanafune mayendedwe, otanganidwa zomveka ndi kofunika chinthu. Iye ankafotokozedwa zinthu zina zosafunika ndipo amasangalatsa coloristic, Awatu ndi akusonyeza.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi ntchito ya ambuye monga Victor Popkov. Civil phokoso la zojambula lake lili kawirikawiri kwa Soviet luso wamba anthu, uthenga pafupifupi achipembedzo, ndiponso kupenta kalembedwe inayambira: Italy Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

recusancy

ulamuliro Official "zokomera Kuzindikira" zimapangitsa ojambula zithunzi mwamwayi kupeza njira zawo wowerenga, kapena amachita emigration. Kumanzere Shemyakin, I. Kabakov, Rabin, E. osadziwika, ndi ena ambiri. Amenewa anali amisiri wa atumwi 20 Russia, umene uli chonyamulira cha zinthu zauzimu, wobadwa m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri avant-garde, ndipo anabwerera kwawo pambuyo kugwa mfundo chikominisi.

Ndipo mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wake anaonekera emigration mkati, spawned ndi motif otchuka a wamisala wina, kuledzera wojambula wokhala zipatala maganizo, kuzunzidwa ndi maulamuliro ndi utsogoleri wa mabungwe kulenga, koma chikuzika mwa akatswiri palokha kumadzulo. A chonyamulira ankaikira m'njira imeneyi Zverev - ndi lodziwika bwino chithunzi cha Moscow nyengo anayamba sosholisimu.

Polystylistics ndi zipani

Atamasulidwa momvetsera la dziko la nthawi Union, luso chabwino cha m'ma 20 mu Russia anaphatikizidwa ndondomeko lonse monga ndi gawo limodzi, ndi ofanana nawo katundu akavalidwe. wosiyanasiyana luso, lachilendo kwa West kwa nthawi yaitali, posakhalitsa katswiri ndi amisiri m'deralo. .. Mawu "ntchito", "kanema unsembe", etc. akhala paliponse mawu athu, ndi mwa ojambula zithunzi zofunika m'nthawi kutchuka mayiko - ojambula zithunzi maganizo diametrical pa mayendedwe: Zurab Tsereteli, Shilov, T. Nazarenko , M. Kishev A. Burganov ndi ena ambiri.

Mafunde, sizimadziwika mbiri aposachedwapa a dziko, amene anatenga chimodzi cha dziko lapansi, kuyang'ana mu kalilore wanu - Russian luso la m'ma 20 - ndipo kumaonekera zikwi zithunzi Sitidzaiwala ...