Portsmouth Mtendere: zikhalidwe ndi chaka siginecha

Portsmouth Mtendere - pangano pakati pa Russian Ufumu Japan pa kutha kwa nkhondoyi. pangano ili kutha kwa zopusa ndi zowononga Chirasha Japanese nkhondo, umene unakhalapo kuyambira 1904 mpaka 1905. awo zimenezi zinachitika August 23, 1905 mu Portsmouth, American mzinda, ndi pokambiranapo a boma US. pangano yosainidwa ndi onsewo. Chifukwa cha iye, Russia anali akumanidwa ufulu pangano Liaodong Peninsula ndi kutsazikana kugwirizana ndi China, komwe kunkakhala mgwirizano nkhondo pakati limati awiri ndi Japan.

The zifukwa chiyambi cha Chirasha Japanese Nkhondo

Japan kwa nthawi yaitali dziko chatsekedwa, koma theka lachiwiri la m'zaka za m'ma XIX anayamba mwadzidzidzi kupeza ufulu, lotseguka kwa alendo, ndi nzika zake mwachangu kuyendera mayiko a ku Ulaya. Patsogolo wakhala kuoneka bwino. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma makumi awiri, Japan walenga ilibe mphamvu ndi asilikali - kuti anathandiza zinachitikira yachilendo, amene Japanese ayamba mu Europe.

Mtundu chilumba ayenera kukulitsa gawo, amene chake anayamba mokwiya asilikali umalimbana maiko oyandikana. Japan anali munthu woyamba wa China akagwiriridwa anakwanitsa kugwila zilumba zingapo, koma izi zinali bwino sikokwanira. boma lili ndi diso lake pa dziko la Manchuria ndi Korea. Inde, Russian Ufumu sanathe kulekerera mwano chotero, chifukwa dziko anali ndi zolinga zake kwa malo awa, otstraivaya ku Korea njanji. Mu 1903, Japan ndi Russia unachitikira mobwerezabwereza nkhani, kuyembekezera kuthetsa mkangano mwamtendere, koma onse pachabe. Kodi si anavomera pa gawo m'dziko, mbali Japanese mwadzidzidzi anabweretsa nkhondo poukira ufumu.

Udindo wa Britain ndi United States pankhondo

Ndipotu, Japan waganiza kuukira Russia si yekha. Mwa ichi aganiza US ndi England, chifukwa iwo akhala akupereka thandizo la ndalama kwa dziko. Ngati sikudali pothandiza limati awa, Japan analephera kuswa Tsarist Russia, pambuyo mphamvu palokha iye sanadziwe pa nthawi. Portsmouth Mtendere, mwina zimenezo sikungakhale Ndizachidziwikire ngati palibe njira yothetsera othandizira kukamenya ndi nkhondo.

Pambuyo Tsushima England anazindikira kuti khama Japan bwino kwambiri, kotero kuti Mbali yaikulu yafupika mtengo wa nkhondo. The United States werera akagwiriridwa, ndipo ngakhale inaletsedwa ku France ndi Germany kuima motetezera Russian Ufumu, ndi kuwopsezedwa kuti awapha. The Pulezidenti Teodora Ruzvelta anali kuchenjerera dongosolo - kukhetsa kuleza akuthamanga Nkhondo mbali zonse. Koma apa ndi mtima mosayembekezereka Japan ndi Russian kugonjetsedwa, iye sanali mwakonza. Poti Mtendere wa Portsmouth sangakane zachitika popanda kuyimira of America. Roosevelt ntchito yambiri kuchita kuyanjanitsa mbali zonse za ndale komanso a.

zoyesayesa zinalephereka kukhazikitsa mtendere

Mosatsata thandizo la ndalama ya US ndi Great Britain, Japan chimaonekadi wofooka chuma. Ngakhale kuti kwambiri asilikali pa nkhondo ndi Russia, dziko wapanikizidwa othandizira kale kuyambira luso kwa mapeto a mtendere. Japan anthu akuyesetsa angapo mawu ndi mdani. Kwa nthawi yoyamba analankhula za chiyanjanitso Japanese mu 1904, pamene Russian mu UK anali kusaina mgwirizano. Zokambirana sizinachitike: Japan anapempha kuti Russian Ufumu anazindikira kuti anayambitsa kutha kwa nkhondoyi.

Mu 1905, mkhalapakati wa belligerents ndi France. nkhondo bwanji zofuna za m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, choncho m'malo mwake kutha. France pa nthawi imeneyo sanali zinthu zabwino, mavuto anali akamayamba, kotero iye Djuda aperekeka kuti Japan ndipo anayamba pokambiranapo pamapeto a mtendere. Pa nthawi iyi, akagwiriridwa akufuna ku Russian Ufumu Capitulations malipiro a indemnity, koma oimira Russian m'gulu anakana zinthu zimenezi.

pokambiranapo United States

Pambuyo Japanese anapempha kuti ulimi Russian kuchuluka kwa yen 1.2 biliyoni, kuwonjezera pa chilumba cha Sakhalin, boma US mosayembekezeka kumbali ufumuwo. Roosevelt anaopseza kuti kulandidwa Japan ndi thandizo onse. Mwina zikhalidwe za Mtendere wa Portsmouth zikanakhala osiyana ngati sanaloŵererepo wa United States. Pulezidenti American, pa dzanja limodzi, anayesa kulimbikitsa Russian Ufumu, mokoma popereka malangizo kwa mfumu, ndipo pa zina - kukakamiza Japanese, kukakamiza kuganizira womvetsa chisoni wa chuma.

mawu mtendere atapereka ndi Japan

Akagwiriridwa ankafuna kuti ambiri a nkhondo pazipita lapansi. N'chifukwa chake Japan kuti tikhalebe kukopa kwake mu Korea ndi South Manchuria, kutenga chilumba chonsecho a Sakhalin ndi chifundo kuchuluka kwa yen 1.2 biliyoni. Kumene, kwa Russian Ufumu zinthu akhala akumane, kotero kusaina Mtendere wa Portsmouth anali kulephereka kalekale. Witte, ndi Russian nthumwi, ndinakanitsitsa kulipira indemnity ndi ntchito Sakhalin.

analoleza kuti Japan

Nthawi ina anavomereza mu Maulendo Ake Ishii dziko lawo anali kulimbana ndi Russia, amene sanamufunsepo aliyense sanalabadire. Kuuma cha zokambirana Russian ndi kulandidwa kwa othandizira kuchirikiza Japanese aika mu Alley akhungu. Portsmouth dziko linali pafupi kutha, boma la Japan anasonkhana pa msonkhano, umene unatha tsiku lonse. Timachita kusankha kupitiriza nkhondo Sakhalin. August 27, 1905, anaganiza kusiya chilumba ndipo popanda ndalama. boma anali wotopa kuti apitirize nkhondo kanthu sikunali kotheka.

Russia gaffe

Nthawiyi, Pulezidenti Russian anatumiza uthenga telefoni kwa mfumu, amene akulangizidwa kupereka chilumba cha Sakhalin. Russian Ufumu ankafuna mtendere, chifukwa boma anali kupondereza zisinthe pafupi. Komabe, mfumu napangana naye kumpatsa yekha kum'mwera kwa chilumbachi. Portsmouth Mtendere akhoza lalembedwa ndi zina, chifukwa Japanese kale anasiya kudana Sakhalin. August 27, nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa mapeto a msonkhano, anadziŵa chigamulo cha mfumu. Boma Japanese, ndithudi, musaphonye mwayi kulanda dera latsopano. Komabe, ngozi Japanese, chifukwa ngati mfundo sizinali zoona, anthu sadzamuona kachiwiri m'ndende. anasamutsidwa Official izo, ngati kulephera kuti anayenera kuchita hara-kiri.

Pomaliza Portsmouth Mtendere yosainidwa 5 September 1905 chaka. Kazembe Russian kuzilandira Japan ayenera kukhala anauza mfumu. Motero, boma Tokyo wapeza dera la chikoka mu Korea, analandira ufulu leasehold kuti ndi Liaodong Peninsula, ndi South Manchurian Railway, komanso mbali ya kum'mwera ya Sakhalin. Komabe, Japan alibe ufulu kuchita kulimbitsa pachilumbachi.

Nchiyani chakulowetsani ku mbali zonse ziwiri za nkhondo Portsmouth Mtendere?

Tsiku ya kusainira pangano mtendere kukhala mfundo yomaliza zosemphana ndi kuyamba kukweza chuma mwa mabwinja. Mwatsoka, iye sangapambane, kapena Russia kapena Japan ku Russian-Japanese nkhondo. Zinali zinyalala zonse nthawi ndi ndalama. The Japanese anakumbatira kusaina pangano mtendere ngati chipongwe munthu, manyazi Komanso m'dzikoli bwino uwonongedwe. Mu Russian Ufumu, ndi ulimi anali akamayamba, ndi kugonjetsedwa mu nkhondo kachitsotso lomaliza la mkwiyo otchuka. Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, mayiko onse anafika si zabwino za nthawi. Kukwera inayamba mu Russia ...