Patsogolo kwachilengedwenso

patsogolo Tizilombo - ndi malangizo chabe kwa zinthu, zomwe zachititsa kuti maonekedwe a munthu. Zotsatira kumabweretsa kusintha m'kati kusanduka pa mlingo wa chitukuko.

Monga mukudziwa, kupambana patsogolo zamoyo chitukuko mbiri (phylogeny) aliyense taxon makamaka (gulu) zimadalira zone dziphunzitsiranso imene Ndipotu, kusintha taxon izi. Ofunika n'zotheka kusintha kapangidwe gulu la gulu.

Okhudza vuto lalikulu kwa kuthetsa patsogolo zamoyo asayansi powasamalira mbali ya aliyense chinthu alipo mu kuona ngati makamaka pankhani ya chitukuko. M'mawu ena, ndi kuphunzira funso limeneli zimatithandiza kuona mmene angadwale olimba ndi zamoyo wa lonse.

Woyamba amene anayamba kuphunzira limeneli, anakhala Zh. B. Lamark. Scientist nawo patsogolo kwachilengedwenso mu mitundu iwiri. Woyamba anatenga panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira - kuwonjezeka mlingo bungwe. Wachiwiri wa iwo, malinga ndi asayansi, ndi mapangidwe zosiyanasiyana mitundu m'gulu la mulingo uliwose makamaka. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti njira awiriwa osadalira pa wina ndi mzake. Choncho, panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira anachititsa chilakolako mkati kusintha, kusiyana opangidwa ndi chilengedwe. Kuyenera ananena kuti, ngakhale kuti Zh. B. Lamark molakwika limagwirira cha malangizo ziwiri, moyo wawo weniweniwo cholinga zoona.

Darwin ankaona patsogolo kwachilengedwenso mu lina. Iye ukugwira ndi mfundo za kusanduka ndipo anatengera. Motero, malinga ndi Darwin, kuwonjezeka mlingo bungwe anali mwina yekha chifukwa cha ndondomeko lonse. Monga ulamuliro, ndi zovuta za bungwe m'kati kusanduka ophatikizana kuenjezera anatengera. Pa makhalidwe divergence (divergence) nthawi zonse vuto biotic sing'anga. Darwin adafotokoza wosonyeza kuti anatengera kwa sing'anga zovuta kwambiri chingapezeke mwa yekha dongosolo zovuta zambiri za thupi. Kenako, patsogolo Tizilombo anaphunzira m'njira ziwiri. maphunziro inkachitikira Russian Severtsov ndi kunja J. Huxley ndi B. Rensch.

Monga Zh. B. Lamark, B. Rensch ankakhulupirira kuti chitukuko cha kusanduka mulole osati vertically, komanso horizontally. zosiyanasiyana maphunziro pa mulingo womwewo wa gulu ankatchedwa Renshaw kladogenezom, linanena bungwe ndi pa mlingo watsopano - anagenesis. Nayenso Yohane. Huxley anabwerera tanthawuzo la "Grad" (mlingo), bungwe Lamarck. Komabe, wasayansi allocated ndi malangizo chachitatu chimene chimachitika patsogolo kwachilengedwenso, ndipo anawatcha stasigenezom. Izi ndi malangizo iye ankaganiza chodabwitsa olimba, kuteteza kulimbikira, wosasintha nthambi. Kusanthula mbali zonse, J .. Huxley anabwera kwa funso mmene ambiri zingachititse chitukuko zamoyo zinachita ndipo zimenezi muyezo chifukwa progressiveness ake. Zotsatira zake zinali chododometsa J. Huxley amene mwapang'onopang'ono - tubercle oyambitsa, n'zothandiza matenda anthu, kapena munthuyo.?

Asayansi akuyesera kuthetsa mavuto akutulukira chiphunzitso wake chitukuko malire ndi zochepa. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi kwa zinthu, kumene - ndi patsogolo kwachilengedwenso. Komabe, chitukuko ichi ndi gulu, choncho, zochepa. Kudutsa ku gawo lina kwa wina, aliyense taxon (gulu) akuchita, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, akubwera kutha, ndiko stasigenezu. Pankhaniyi, malangizo imodzi yokha ya kukula, zimene zinachititsa kuti maonekedwe a munthu malire. Ichi ndi chifukwa yaikulu ndi mwayi wonse mlingo watsopano kusanduka - chikhalidwe.