OPEC: chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti ndi kukonza ntchito. Mndandanda wa mayiko - mamembala a OPEC

Kapangidwe otchedwa OPEC, chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti achidule amene mfundo bwino kuti anthu ambiri, n'chofunikira kwambiri pa malonda m'bwalomo lonse. Pamene bungwe chinalengedwa? ndi zinthu zazikulu kuseri kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo lino padziko lonse chiyani? Masiku ano, kuganizira za kuchepa kwa mitengo mafuta, tinganene kuti ndi zodziwikiratu choncho pansi pa ulamuliro kwa Waogula Zinthu Kunja masiku ano "golide wakuda"? Kapena ndi Mwina mkulu wa mayiko OPEC - Kuthandiza wosewera m'bwalolo ndale padziko lonse, amakakamizidwa kuwerengera ndi zofunika za amitundu ina?

OPEC: onse mudziwe

OPEC ndi chiyani? Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti achidule awa ndi wosavuta. Komabe, musanayambe kupanga izo, izo ziyenera kukhala bwino transliterate mu English - OPEC. Pezani - bungwe la mafuta Exporting Mayiko. Kapena, bungwe la mafuta Exporting Mayiko. Gulu lonse analenga yaikulu mphamvu mafuta cholinga, malinga ndi akatswiri, mmene pa msika "golide wakuda" mu mawonekedwe a, makamaka mitengo.

mamembala OPEC - 12 limati. Pakati pawo pali Middle East mayiko - Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, ndi UAE, mayiko atatu ku Africa - Algeria, Nigeria, Angola, Libya ndi Venezuela ndi Ecuador, yomwe ili ku South America. Likulu la gulu Pankhaniyi ili ku likulu la Austria - Vienna. Bungwe la mafuta Exporting Mayiko anakhazikitsidwa mu 1960. Ndi mphindi panopa mayiko OPEC kulamulira 40% wolowa dziko "golide wakuda".

History of OPEC

OPEC anakhazikitsidwa mu aku Iraq likulu la Baghdad, mu September 1960. The initiators wa chilengedwe ake anakhala akuluakulu padziko lonse mafuta Waogula Zinthu Kunja - Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait ndi Venezuela. Monga olemba mbiri amakono ndikukhulupirira, imene deta boma wopangidwa ndi kanthu lolingana chinachitikira ndi nthawi pamene panali ndondomeko yogwira decolonization. m'magawo wakale yozungulira munalekanitsidwa ochokera m'mayiko mayi awo pa ndale ndi mawu a zachuma.

Dziko msika mafuta inali kulamulidwa makampani ambiri Western, monga Exxon, Chevron, Mobil. Pali mbiriyakale - ndi cartel a mabungwe akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo dzina lake, anasankha kuchepetsa mtengo wa "golide wakuda". Ichi chinali chifukwa kufunika kuchepetsa ndalama za lendi mafuta. Motero, mayiko amene akhazikitsa OPEC ndi cholinga - athe kulamulira chuma chawo zachilengedwe mwa chikoka a mabungwe akuluakulu a dziko lapansi. Komanso, zaka 60, malinga ndi akatswiri ena chuma padziko lonse osati aona kufunika ngati mkulu mafuta - kotunga kuposa akumufuna. Ndipo chifukwa ntchito OPEC cholinga chake chinali kuletsa kuchepa mitengo padziko lonse "golide wakuda".

Chinthu choyamba unakhazikitsidwa Secretariat OPEC. Iye "zotchulidwa" mu Geneva, Switzerland, koma mu 1965 "anagwidwa" mu Vienna. Mu 1968, msonkhano wa OPEC, amene anatenga Declaration pa mfundo mafuta. Izo zimanyezimiritsa lamanja la States kudziletsa pa zopezeka mudziko achilengedwe. Ndi nthawi ya gulu anagwirizana ena Waogula Zinthu Kunja yaikulu ya mafuta mu dziko - Qatar, Libya, Indonesia ndi Arab Emirates United. Mu 1969, Algeria anagwirizana OPEC.

Malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, mphamvu OPEC pa msika mafuta padziko lonse makamaka adakulabe mu zaka 70. Izi zinali kukuchitika chifukwa chakuti kulamulira pa kupanga mafuta analanda maboma a mayiko m'gulu la Organization. Monga akatswiri kunena, zaka zimenezo, OPEC kwenikweni akhoza mwachindunji kukhudza mtengo dziko "golide wakuda". Mu 1976, Fund OPEC wakhala analenga, woyang'anira International Development ndi mafunso. Mu TH 70 bungwe izo anagwirizana m'mayiko ena angapo - awiri African (Nigeria, Gabon), mmodzi wa America South - Ecuador.

Pofika kumayambiriro '80s, mitengo mafuta dziko afika malikisi apamwamba kwambiri, koma mu 1986 iwo anayamba kutha. mamembala OPEC kwa nthawi yaitali yafupika cholowa mu msika lonse "golide wakuda". Zimenezi zinachititsa, monga taonera ndi akatswiri ena, mavuto kwambiri chuma m'mayiko linali la bungwe. Komabe, mwa oyambirira 90s, mitengo mafuta nauka - pafupifupi hafu msinkhu kuti anali atafika mu oyambirira 80s. The gawo la OPEC mu gawo lonse nawonso anayamba kukula. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti zotsatira zimenezi wakhala chifukwa cha mlili wa oyamba chotero zikuluzikulu za mfundo zachuma, monga quotas. mitengo njira yochokera otchedwa "dengu la OPEC" wakhala anayambitsa komanso.

Mu zaka 90 mitengo mafuta mayiko wonse sanali, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, pang'ono m'munsimu zoyembezereka za mayiko a Organization. A chotchinga kwambiri kukula kwa mtengo wa "golide wakuda" wasanduka mavuto azachuma kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia mu 1998-1999. Komabe, pofika cha limatchula 90 m'mafakitale ambiri anayamba kukakamiza zinthu mafuta. Panali kwambiri mabizinesi mphamvu kwambiri, njira ya kudalirana akhala kwambiri. Malinga ndi kunena kwa akatswiri walenga ena zinthu mitengo mafuta kukula mofulumira. Onani mu 1998 udindo wa wina ku OPEC analandira Russia - mafuta amagulitsa, mmodzi wa yaikulu pa nthawi ya osewera lonse mu msika "golide wakuda". Mu '90s m'gulu anapita ku Gabon, ndipo mongoyembekezera inaimitsidwa ntchito zake Ecuador, OPEC dongosolo.

Mu 2000s oyambirira, mitengo mafuta dziko panauka pang'onopang'ono ndipo akhala mokwanira khola. Komabe, anayamba kukula mofulumira, amene anafika pachimake mu 2008. Ndi nthawi ya OPEC analowa Angola. Komabe, mu 2008, zikuchepa zakulitsa vuto zinthu. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 2008 mtengo wa "golide wakuda 'anagwa mlingo wa 2000s oyambirira. Mnthawi 2009-2010 mitengo naukanso ndipo anapitiriza kukhala pa mlingo umene zikuluzikulu mafuta Waogula Zinthu Kunja, monga chuma kunena, ali ndi ufulu kuonedwa kuti ndi omasuka kwambiri. Mu 2014, chifukwa cha zovuta ziti, mitengo mafuta kuti likunena anakana mlingo wa m'ma 2000s. OPEC koma anapitiriza mbali yofunika kwambiri mu msika lonse "golide wakuda".

Zolinga OPEC ntchito

Monga taonera pamwambapa, poyamba kulenga OPEC anali kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa zopezeka mudziko, ndi yaikulu mumaganiza padziko lonse mafuta mtengo-gawo. Monga ofufuza zamakono zomwe amakhulupirira kuona cholinga wakhala asinthidwa. Pakati pa mavuto ambiri ofunika, osati kuwerengera waukulu, kwa OPEC - zomangamanga mafuta okwanira, wabwino ndalama ndalama kuchokera katundu "golide wakuda".

OPEC ngati player a dziko m'bwalomo andale

mamembala OPEC ndi ogwirizana mu dongosolo kuti ali udindo wa bungwe intergovernmental. Ndi momwe izo m'kaundula pa UN. Kale mu zaka zoyambilira za OPEC wakhazikitsa kugona ndi Bungwe la UN pa chuma anthu, anakhudzidwa Conference wa United Nations pa Trade ndi Development. kangapo pachaka, misonkhano imachitikira ndi nawo posts akuluakulu a boma m'mayiko za thupi OPEC. Mtundu uwu wa zochitika tinapangidwa ntchito njira olowa ntchito zina nyumba pa msika lonse.

nkhokwe mafuta OPEC

mamembala OPEC ndi nkhokwe okwana mafuta okwana kuposa thililiyoni 1,199 mbiya. Ndi za 60-70% nkhokwe dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo, monga akatswiri ena amakhulupirira okha Venezuela wafika pachimake cha mafuta kupanga. mayiko ena za OPEC Mwina kuwonjezera ntchito yawo. Komabe, maganizo a akatswiri pa chiyembekezo ano kukula kupanga kwa "golide wakuda" mayiko a Organization padera. Ena amanena kuti mayiko amene ali mbali ya OPEC, adzafunafuna kuonjezera zizindikiro zoyenera - kuti sasunthika ziliri pa msika lonse.

Mfundo yakuti US tsopano - Mafuta Exporting Mayiko (kwakukulukulu zokhudzana ndi mtundu wa mafuta shale), amene ali lingathe anakakamiza kwambiri pa mayiko OPEC mu dziko. akatswiri ena akukhulupirira kuti kuwonjezeka kupanga ndi mayiko opanda pake a Organization - kuwonjezeka okwanira pa msika Sachita mitengo "golide wakuda".

kapangidwe kasamalidwe

Mbali ina chidwi kuphunzira OPEC - makhalidwe a gulu la machitidwe kasamalidwe. Tonga OPEC wa bungwe lolamulira - msonkhano wa limati membala. Msonkhano ndi zambiri chaka maulendo 2. OPEC msonkhano mu mtundu wa msonkhano adzaphatikizapo kukambirana zokhudza atalanda gulu la limati latsopano, kukhazikitsidwa kwa bajeti, anthu paudindo. Hot mitu kwa Conference formulates, monga ulamuliro, bungwe la nduna. Kapangidwe ichinso akulamulira kukhazikitsa njira naye. Kapangidwe ka Board ndi akazembe - ena m'madipatimenti kuyang'anira osiyanasiyana wapadera nkhani.

ndi "mtanga" mitengo mafuta chiyani?

Tanena ananena kuti limodzi mwa mipherezero mtengo kwa mayiko a Organization amachita otchedwa "mtanga". Ndi chiyani icho? Ndi masamu zikutanthauza pakati angapo zopangidwa mafuta yotengedwa mu maiko osiyanasiyana OPEC. Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti maina awo amaganizira mtundu - "kuwala" kapena "katundu", komanso Boma la chiyambi. Mwachitsanzo, pali mtundu wa Arab Kuwala - mafuta kuwala opangidwa ku Saudi Arabia. Pali Iran kunagwa - lolemera mafuta a aku Iran chiyambi. Pali zopangidwa monga Kuwait Tumizani, Qatar sitima. Mtengo pazipita za "mtanga" anafikira mu July 2008 - madola 140.73.

quotas

Taona kale kuti mchitidwe wa Organization pano quotas. Kodi izo? Lamulo limeneli pa kupanga tsiku mafuta lililonse la maiko atatuwa. kukula siyana pa maziko a misonkhano zogwirizana wa kasamalidwe mabungwe. Ambiri, pamene kuchepetsa ndi kuumba pali chifukwa choyembekezera kusowa kwa okwanira pa dziko msika ndipo, chifukwa, kuwuka mu mitengo. Nayenso ngati malire lolingana amakhalabe zikutsatiridwa kapena ukuwonjezeka, mitengo "golide wakuda" zingachititse kuti ndichepe.

OPEC ndi Russia

Monga amadziwika, ndi Waogula Zinthu Kunja chachikulu cha mafuta mu dziko - si OPEC dziko. Limodzi la waukulu ogulitsa lonse "golide wakuda" Russia ndi imodzi mwa msika lonse. Akukhulupirira kuti m'zaka zina pakati pa dziko lathu ndi Organization akhala ubwenzi confrontational. Mwachitsanzo, OPEC amanena anapangidwa ndi Moscow mu 2002 - kuchepetsa kupanga mafuta, komanso kukhazikitsa mu msika lonse. Komabe, umboni ndi ziwerengero anthu, katundu "golide wakuda" Akuluakulu a ku Russia kuyambira pamene pafupifupi osati kusanduka, koma m'malo mwake, wakula.

atasemphana Russian ndi dongosolo ili lonse, akatswiri kunena, anaima pa kukula mofulumira mitengo mafuta m'ma 2000s. Kuyambira pamenepo, pakati Russia ndi Organization lonse pali chizolowezi kuchita constructively - onse pa mlingo wa zokambiranazo intergovernmental ndi mgwirizano mu mawonekedwe a malonda mafuta. OPEC ndi Russia - Waogula Zinthu Kunja "golide wakuda". Ambiri, n'zomveka kuti zofuna zawo zoopsa mu machesi m'bwalomo lonse.

ziyembekezo

Kodi tingayembekezere mgwirizano zina pakati pa maboma, si OPEC chiyani? Decoding wa achidule amene anatipatsa mu pachiyambi penipeni pa nkhani ananena kuti maziko a zinthu wamba pa maiko anakhazikitsa ndi kupitiriza kuthandiza kugwira ntchito za bungwe - makamaka katundu "golide wakuda". Pa nthawi yomweyo, monga akatswiri ena masiku ano, kuti zina konza njira malonda, pamodzi ndi kukhazikitsa zofuna dziko ndale za mayiko a Organization mu zaka kudza adzakhala ndi kuwerengera komanso maganizo a mayiko mafuta yoti. Zimene zikhoza zalumikizana?

Choyamba, choona kuti omasuka mafuta imports m'mayiko zomwe zikufunikira - chikhalidwe cha chitukuko cha chuma chawo. Kukhazikitsa dongosolo dziko zachuma, kukula kupanga - mitengo mafuta sangagwere m'munsimu eksperterov yovuta kwa "golide wakuda" chizindikiro. Nayenso kuwuka mu mitengo ya zinthu, zomwe kwakukulukulu kumachitika chifukwa ndalama kwambiri mafuta, ndi Mwina mkulu zidzayambitsa kutsekedwa maofesi a mphamvu-kwambiri, wamakono awo mu mtima zokhudza zopangira magetsi zina. Motero - mitengo mafuta padziko lonse mwina amakana. Choncho, leitmotif yaikulu pofuna kukwaniritsa mayiko OPEC, malinga ndi zimene akatswiri ambiri - izi ndi kukondera bwino pakati pa kukwaniritsidwa kwa zofuna zake dziko ndi udindo wa mayiko yoti ndi "golide wakuda".

Palinso maganizo. Malinga ndi iye, mafuta sadzakhala njira ina, ndipo m'zaka zingapo lotsatira. Ndipo chifukwa mabungwe dziko ndi mwayi uliwonse zolimbitsira ake mu malonda m'bwalomo lonse, ndipo poyamba kupeza ubwino mu mbali ya kukwaniritsidwa kwa zofuna za ndale. Ambiri, ndi zotheka mavuto yochepa, mitengo mafuta adzatsala mkulu pamaziko a zosowa cholinga zipatso chuma, kufufuma, ndi zina, chitukuko ndi wozengereza madipoziti latsopano. Maganizo kwa zaka zingapo ndipo sangathe kuchita ndi akumufuna.

Palinso mfundo yachitatu ya view. Malinga ndi iye, mu malo zambiri zaphindu angakhale monga mayiko chomwecho mafuta yoti. Popeza kuti kanjedza panopa mtengo wa "golide wakuda", malinga ndi akatswiri, kutsatira mfundo ku funso pafupi kwathunthu zongopeka. Ndipo nthawi zambiri - ndi inatheka. Yosafuna dziko mtengo wa bizinesi mafuta ena makampani - madola 25. Izi kwambiri m'munsi kuposa ngakhale panopa mtengo "golide wakuda" n'kutheka wovuta kwa ndalama za m'mayiko ambiri exporting. Ndipo chifukwa gulu la dziko mu chimango ndi maganizo akatswiri ena ndi mbali ya player amene sangaumirize mawu ake. Komanso, pamlingo winawake amadalira zinthu ndale za mayiko ambiri mafuta yoti.

Onani kuti pa mfundo zitatu view limangonyezimiritsa kopanda ya chiphunzitso anafuulira mwa akatswiri osiyanasiyana. The mafuta msika - mmodzi wa sizimadziwika kwambiri. Amaneneratu za mtengo wa "golide wakuda" ndiponso akatswiri patsogolo zosiyanasiyana, zikhoza kukhala yosiyana kwathunthu.