Onse-Russian msika. Mapangidwe msika m'dzikolo

M'nthawi ya 17 ndi opindulitsa kwambiri ndi yapamwamba gawo anali malonda yachilendo. Zikomo kwa iye, ku Middle East kupereka katundu kwambiri zikusowa: zodzikongoletsera, zonunkhira, zonunkhira, silika ndi zina zotero. Chikhumbo nazo zonse, ndipo pa zolimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa ndi mtima zina zokolola zake. Ichi chinali kutsogolera oyamba chitukuko cha malonda zoweta mu Europe.

Malonje

Kwa Ages Middle panali kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono voliyumu ya malonda yachilendo. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 15, chifukwa cha angapo atulukira Hrs, panali kulumpha noticeable. The malonda European wakhala lonse, ndi nyengo akale anapita bwino mu nthawi ya wosazindikira kudzikundikira likulu. Pa 16-18 zaka TH anali kulimbitsa mgwirizano zachuma pakati pa madera angapo komanso mapangidwe m'misika dziko. Komabe, amatchuka mapangidwe limati dziko centralized ufumu mtheradi. Lonse mfundo zachuma a m'mayiko amenewa anali umalimbana mapangidwe msika dziko, kupanga malonda zoweta ndi achilendo. zofunika kwambiri anapatsidwanso kulimbitsa ndi mafakitale ulimi, ntchito zipangizo.

Yambani lopinda msika m'dzikolo

Ndi 18 TH m'zaka ku munda wa malonda ambiri chimagwirizanitsa Russia pang'onopang'ono anayamba kulowa m'madera. Mwachitsanzo, mu likulu la dziko ndi Kumanzere-Bank Ukraine mankhwala anayamba kufika ndi mankhwala ena mafakitale (nitrate, onga, galasi). Pa nthawi yomweyo, Russia anali nsanja kwa malonda mankhwala a osema m'dera ndi mafakitale. nsomba anabwera kuchokera m'madera a Don, nyama, buledi. Back ku distilikiti Central ndi Volga anali ziwiya, nsapato, nsalu. Kazakhstan anabwera ng'ombe, kuwombola anthu amene oyandikana m'dera aziwapatsa chakudya ndi mankhwala ena mafakitale.

lokongola

Great chikoka pa mapangidwe msika zonse Russian anapereka chilungamo. Lalikulu ndi amene anali kukhala tanthauzo dziko Makarevskaya. mankhwala amenewa anafika ku madera osiyana a dziko: Vologda, kumadzulo, kumpoto, kumadzulo kwa Smolensk, St. Petersburg, Riga, Moscow ndi Yaroslavl, Kazan ndi Astrakhan. Pakati wotchuka kwambiri titchedwe zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, zitsulo, tsitsi, tirigu, zikopa, nsalu mankhwala osiyanasiyana nyama (nyama, mafuta), mchere ndi nsomba. Kodi anagulidwa ku chilungamo, ndalama ndiye kudutsa dziko: nsomba ndi tsitsi - mu Moscow, mkate ndi sopo - kuti St. Petersburg, katundu zitsulo - Astrakhan. Kwa zaka za zamalonda anali kwambiri kuchuluka. Choncho, mu 1720, chaka chomwe chinali 280 zikwi chigawo ndipo zaka 21 Patapita - .. Kodi kale 489.000.

Pamodzi ndi Makary inakhala tanthauzo dziko ndi fairs ena: Utatu, Orenburg, Annunciation ndi Angelo. Irbit, mwachitsanzo, anali ndi makumi asanu Russian mizinda zigawo 17, unakhazikitsidwa mogwirizana ndi Persia ndi ku Central Asia. Svenskaya Fair wakhala kugwirizana ndi mizinda 37 ndi 21 m'chigawo TH. Pamodzi ndi Moscow, fairs zonsezi zinali zofunika kwambiri mu kusonkhanitsa onse m'misika dera ndi chigawo ndi makonsolo pa msika zonse Russian.

Kupeza ndalama m'mayiko osauka

wamba Russian, pambuyo wathunthu ukapolo wake malamulo a loyamba koma unkayenera kupereka State, komanso mbuye wake, rents (achilengedwe kapena ndalama). Koma ngati Mwachitsanzo, kuyerekeza mmene chuma chikuyendera mu Russia ndi Poland, anthu wamba Polish utumiki mu mawonekedwe a serfdom kunadetsa itakula. Choncho, kwa iwo kenako masiku 5-6 sabata. Pakuti osauka Russian anali masiku 3.

Malipiro maudindo mu mawonekedwe ndalama kutanthauza kuli msika. Pa malonda pansi wamba ndinapitirizabe kukhala ndi mwayi. Mapangidwe msika m'dzikolo analimbikitsa landlords kukhala ndi kugulitsa katundu munda, komanso (ndipo palibe zochepa) ndipo boma - kuti ulimi wa malisiti ndalama zachuma.

Development mu chuma Russia ndi ku hafu 2 zaka zana la 16

Nthawi imeneyi anayamba kupanga lalikulu m'misika dera. Ndi centenary 17 kulimbitsa ubale malonda zinachitikadi mtundu wonsewo. "Onse-Russian Market" - The chifukwa cha kukula kwa mfundo yatsopano mogwirizana kumachitika pakati pa malo payekha. Ngakhale kuphatikiza ake Pamlingo waukulu chinalepheretsa aakulu misewu Russian.

Pofika m'ma 17, pali ena prerequisites kuti kupanga msika zonse Russian anatuluka. maphunziro ake, makamaka anapereka kwa kuzama kwa gulu chikhalidwe cha ntchito ndi kupanga Kupititsa specialization, komanso zofunika mavuto a za ndale kuti anatuluka chifukwa kusintha, amene anali umalimbana kupanga boma limodzi.

Ogulira dera lalikulu la dziko

Pa hafu 2 zaka zana la 16 inakhalapo ndiponso kulimbitsa mfundo yaikulu misika dera monga dera Volga (Vologda, Kazan, Yaroslavl - nyama malonda), North (Vologda - mbewu yaikulu msika, Irbit, Solvychegodsk - ubweya), North-West ( Novgorod - malonda hemp ndi nsalu malonda), Center (Tikhvin, Tula - kugula ndi kugulitsa katundu zitsulo). Koma chachikulu chilengedwe malonda pansi pa nthawiyo anali Moscow. Mmenemo, panali za zana ndi makumi awiri apadera zino, pamene inu mungakhoze kugula ubweya ndi nsalu Zaveleveti ndi ubweya, mafuta ndi mikate, vinyo, katundu zitsulo, zoweta ndi kupanga yachilendo.

Ulamuliro wa boma

Onse-Russian msika, amene anauka monga chotsatira cha kusintha kwa chinathandiza chinawonjezeka kanthu entrepreneurial. Monga momwe kuzunza anthu, pa msinkhu wa malingaliro panali ufulu munthu ndi ufulu wina. Pang'onopang'ono, mmene chuma chikuyendera m'nyengo ya wosazindikira kudzikundikira likulu zinachititsa kuti ufulu wa ogwira ntchito onse malonda ndi m'mafakitale ena.

M'munda wa zokhuza ulimi pang'onopang'ono kuchotsa ang'onoang'ono chisankho boma kusintha ntchito malo ndi ulimi. boma amalimbikitsa mapangidwe makampani dziko zimene zinapangitsa, zinachititsa kuti chitukuko cha msika m'dzikolo. Komanso boma ankalimbikitsa oyamba a zaulimi kwambiri wangwiro kuposa kale.

M'munda wa boma malonda yachilendo amafuna kupeza madera ndi kusunga lamulo protectionism. Choncho, onse amene anali kale khalidwe midzi malonda munthu, wakhala tsopano malangizo ndale ndiponso zachuma a boma wonse.

Pomaliza

Mbali yaikulu ya nthawi wosazindikira kudzikundikira likulu imatengedwa kuti zikamera ubale chofunika ndalama ndi chuma msika. Zonsezi wasiya chizindikiro chapadera pa muzochitika zones za moyo chikhalidwe nyengo. Komabe, nyengo penapake maganizo zoona, komanso nthawi zina ya kusintha, pamene panabuka mkangano pakati pa ang'onoang'ono kulamulira zachuma, anthu, ndale, zosoŵa zauzimu anthu akavalidwe atsopano a ufulu bourgeois, chifukwa patsogolo mamba malonda, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kuwonongedwa kwa Kupititsa kusunga Pochita zigawo ang'onoang'ono.