Nyemba dongosolo mbewu (chithunzi)

mitundu iwiri ya kubereka tingaone mu dziko chomera: asexual ndi kugonana. Yoyamba zikuphatikizapo njira zimenezi wa kufala kwa mudziwe cholowa, monga kugawikana mwachindunji khungu, vegetative - ndi gulu maselo somatic, ndi kafalitsidwe wa apadera maselo haploid - spores. The chachiwiri, zambiri mwapang'onopang'ono mtundu - ndi kubereka, zikubweretsa mapangidwe mbewu. Kumachitika mu mkombero moyo wa gymnosperms ndi zomera maluwa, amatchedwanso angiosperms. Mu pepala ili tikambirana dongosolo kunja kwa Mbeu, tikupeza Nzofunikira kukula kwake, komanso kudziwa ubwino kodi zomera amatha mbewu kubalana.

Kodi ndi mmene mbewu anapanga?

Nyemba - thermophilic chikhalidwe pachaka legume banja, iwo ali maluwa khalidwe mawonekedwe kooneka ngati gulugufe boti kapena kukhala pansi ndi mapiko apangidwe. Mkati duwa mu gawo makamaka za izo, wotchedwa pistil, ndi rudiment wa mbewu wabisika pansi chipolopolo Ndisanaumbidwe ake sac. Ndi diploid oocyte ndi dongosolo, amatchedwa selo chapakati. Iwo zonse manyowa umuna awiri, chifukwa ndi kumeneko ndi mbewu ya nyemba. Ndi nyongolosi, mbadwa ya mankhwala organic kwa kukula ndi chitukuko cha cotyledons awiri, ndi zophimba, wotchedwa odula mbewu.

ndi mbewu za dicotyledons Kodi

zomera zonse maluwa ndi cotyledons awiri anapanga chifukwa cha umuna wa zipatso ndi mbewu mu mapangidwe zomwe udindo waukulu ndi ankaimba ndi ziwalo zonse za duwa: calyx, corolla wa pamakhala, androecium ongokhala stamens ndipo, ndithudi, ndi zoyamba pistil mbewu. Kapangidwe mbewu nyemba kuphunzira mu sitandade 6 yodziwa gawo zamoyo monga zomera. Ilinso ndi mawonekedwe ellipsoid, chifukwa chimene lochititsa chidwi kuchuluka kwa umuna ndi pamodzi ndi malo ochepa padziko.

Mbali imeneyi minimizes mgwirizano wa mbewu chilengedwe. Kapangidwe kunja mbewu nyemba akufanana waukulu excretory dongosolo limba mu nyama. Pali ngakhale tanthauzo mwa anthu thunthu - nyemba woboola pakati impso. Mkati, mbali concave wa rumen ndi - malo Mbeu amene Ufumuyo kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke zipatso youma, nyemba hereinafter. Choncho dzina la banja mbewu - Zomera. Iwo ali oposa 12 zikwi. Species. Ambiri mwa anthu ake - mitundu herbaceous, koma palinso zitsamba ndi mitengo. Mwa nyemba kuitana mbiri zili masamba lofunika mapuloteni: ndi soya, nandolo, nyemba, mphodza.

Kapangidwe Mbewu ndi tanthauzo

Tiyenera kupitiriza kuyang'ana pa kapangidwe ka nyemba mbewu. Kuzilingalira pansipa, timasonyeza pamaso pa mbali kale, akuti chovala mbewu, cotyledons awiri ndi mwana wosabadwayo ili therebetween.

Monga tanenera, lakunja gawo - peels mbewu - ndi mbewu nyongolosi otumphukira mapepala (integuments). Iwo amachita ntchito kuteteza desiccation, kutentha ndi zina chokhwima zinthu abiotic. Kumene, kapangidwe chachikulu ndi mbewu wosabadwayo. N'chifukwa chiyani zili choncho, tiyeni tiwone mu gawo lotsatira.

Ndisanaumbidwe dicot

Monga ife kumbukirani, mu ndondomeko iwiri umuna chibadidwe zomera zokha maluwa, kwa dzira - ndi zygote - ikusintha multicellular mapangidwe. Iwo mluza ndipo lili ndi magawo atatu: embryonic mizu, phesi ndi plumule. Samalani kapangidwe mkati mwa mbewu nyemba. Chiwembu ili zina imasonyeza kuti mwana wosabadwayo ndi adzatsekeredwa zobisika pakati pa cotyledons, si zofunika, koma kwambiri wosakhwima ndi osatetezeka dongosolo. Yotsatira, tidzakambirana funso, Kodi ntchito chibadidwe zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika Ndisanaumbidwe zomwe.

embryonic mizu

Kuchuluka kwa zomera m'dziko bwino chinayambika mizu: chachikulu, mbali kapena paranasal. Grass, zitsamba ndi mitundu mtengowo likhoza kupanga mitundu iwiri ya nyumba mobisa amene botanically wotchedwa pachimake ndi dongosolo fibrous mizu. Mwamwayi, iwo ayambe kukula kwa gawo chomwecho - muzu embryonic. Kuyambira cell ake kugawikana mbewu Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi muyezo waukulu ndi omwe amaonetsera chiyambi limagwirira monga kumera mbewu. Nyemba, tomato, nandolo ndi zina kutentha wachikondi ndi wachifundo mbewu madzi ambiri amafuna kusakanikirana akadakwanitsira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, kotero kuti ndondomeko imeneyi mpaka pamene zikamera wa zomera latsopano achinyamata.

Cotyledons ndi udindo wawo mu n'zodalirika a mmera wa

Kuti mbewu akhoza kumera zinafunika malo michere mankhwala: dzuwa, amino zidulo, mafuta. Mu dicots anapeza mu cotyledons wa. Kumayambiriro Ndisanaumbidwe kumera organic zinthu zimene anapeza mu mawonekedwe kotero, ambiri kupezeka kwa kuloŵerera ndi maselo. Pa mmera cotyledons wa zomera dicotyledonous anayamba kuchita ntchito ya pansi choyamba, otchedwa embryonic masamba. Komabe, iwo amatha kuchita dzuwa ndi kupereka chomera wamng'ono ndi zonse zofunikira zinthu pulasitiki.

ndi kumera wa mbewu chiyani?

Iyi ndi ndondomeko zokhudza thupi zomwe zachokera limagwirira ya kusintha kwa nyengo zobisika mu moyo wa mbewu mu yogwira kukula siteji mbali Ndisanaumbidwe: muzu ndi mapulaniwo ndi masamba. Chifukwa, ndi mmera koyamba, kenako n'kupanga achinyamata zomera. Mtundu wa mbewu germinating nyemba? Photos anapereka m'munsimu limasonyeza kuti poyamba amayamba kukhala embryonic mizu, phesi kenako zimapangitsa pamwamba masamba pansi Muzu. Patapita nthawi ya kufika kukula kwa tsinde la, wopangidwa mwa apical maphunziro nsalu - meristem - opangidwa woona masamba zomera nyemba.

Nthawi zina

Pambuyo kucha, amatchedwa nyemba, nyemba mbewu kukolola kwa munda, sangathe yomweyo zimere. Osati kwa nyemba, komanso magulu ena, monga tomato, mabilinganya, nkhaka, amatenga nthawi kuti mbewu zawo akhala pambuyo yokolola yakucha. Iwo amakhala makamaka chifukwa chakuti pa nthawi ino nyongolosi maselo kagayidwe ikuchitika pa mlingo wochepa kwambiri. Kupuma mbewu ali pafupifupi ikuchitika, nkhani madzi ndi zosakwana chimodzi cha kulemera okwana.

Motero - mbewu kumera mphamvu osachepera osakwanira kwa kulanda organic zinthu cotyledons mu mawonekedwe sungunuka. Onse kunja ndi mkati kapangidwe Mbeu mu kachedwedwe si wosiyana ndi zimene imeneyi vegetative pamene iwo kukonzedwa kufesa mu nthaka. Kusiyana ikukhudzana makamaka mlingo otaya zosiyanasiyana kagayidwe kachakudya mu phata selo, yomwe ndi otsika mu nthawi ya dormancy.

Kodi chofunika n'chiyani kuti zimere Ndisanaumbidwe ndi

Mu agronomy akhoza kusiyanitsa zinthu zotsatirazi kuonetsetsa Mbeu kumera ndi zikamera mmera mwamtendere: pamaso pa madzi, kutentha yabwino, kupezeka mpweya, chiwalitsiro mulingo woyenera. Tiyeni tione zinthu zimenezi mwatsatanetsatane. Malo oyamba pa mndandanda wa zinthu abiotic ndi madzi. M'pofunika pathupi maselo, amene anatsagana ndi kulimbikitsa kupuma.

Kuphunzira kapangidwe ka mbewu ya nyemba, ife tinapeza kuti mphamvu ya Ndisanaumbidwe ndi zotheka ngati zinthu organic pano mu cotyledons, kupita mu mawonekedwe njira. Ichi ndi chifukwa tinthu madzi, ozama mu yosungirako parenchyma awo. Monga mbewu kutentha wachikondi, nyemba auka zabwino bwino nthaka dzuwa analimbikitsa. Koma kuwala si bwanji kumera mphamvu. Chifukwa kuswana mbewu yokumba boma zobisika asonyezedwa ogalamutsa monga phytohormones.

Komanso kuchititsa phwando scarification, mwachitsanzo umakaniko kusokoneza umphumphu wa khungu, popanda kuwononga nyumba amene ali mbali ya dongosolo mkati mwa mbeu ya nyemba, makamaka Muzu ndi nyongolosi. Motero, zinthu zonse zochitika zimenezi ulimi imathandizira mbewu kumera ndondomeko.