Nthaka ndi chiyani? Chilinganizo nthaka pawiri. nthaka

Mmodzi wa zitsulo zimene chatsegulidwa kalekale, koma lero sanataye kufunika kwake ntchito kuthokoza katundu chidwi ndi nthaka. katundu thupi ndi mankhwala kulola kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za nthambi zosiyanasiyana za sayansi ndi tsiku. Iye amakhudza kwambiri pa thanzi la munthu.

A History zochepa za zinthu kutsegula

nthaka Kodi, anthu anadziwa kuti nthawi yathu ino. Izo zinali ndiye kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo okhala chitsulo ichi. Aiguputo ntchito miyala munali mkuwa ndi nthaka, ndi awo zinaphatikizidwa anakonza cholimba kwambiri, makutidwe ndi okosijeni kugonjetsedwa zakuthupi. katundu wa m'nyumba anapezeka, mbale anapangidwa kuchokera nkhaniyi.

Dzina la nthaka amapezeka m'mabuku a dokotala Paracelsus mu XVI m'ma AD. Pa nthawi yomweyo zitsulo mwachangu kuyamba ntchito Chinese akamaumba wa ndalama zake. Pang'onopang'ono, chidziwitso cha thunthu ndiponso luso katundu wabwino wa kusintha mu Europe. Kenako mu Germany, England anaphunziranso kuti nthaka ngati ndi kumene angagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Mkuwa anali mmodzi wa anthu oyambirira kukhala ndi odziwika aloyi, ntchito kuyambira kale wakale Cyprus, ndipo patapita Germany ndi mayiko ena.

Dzina amachokera kwa zincum Latin, koma etymology bwinobwino. Pali Mabaibulo angapo.

1. Kuchokera zinke German, amene anamasuliridwa kuti "The Island."
2. Kuchokera zincum Latin, kutanthauza "yamawangamawanga woyera".
3. Persian "Cheng" mwachitsanzo, thanthwe.
4. Germany zinco, amene anamasuliridwa kuti "zolengeza", "ndi eyesore".

dzina la katunduyo lero analandira okha pa chiyambi cha m'ma XX. Tanthauzo la ayoni nthaka anthu anali ananenanso yekha posachedwapa (XX m'ma). Izi zisanachitike, palibe matenda ndi amafotokozera izi chikugwirizana.

Komabe amadziwika kuti kalelo, mitundu yambiri ntchito soups nyama nkhosa chida kuchira matenda ndi Kusintha othamanga. Lero tikhoza kunena kuti zotsatira ndi chifukwa ayoni nthaka, imene mbale lili ndithu kwambiri. Iye anatithandiza kukonzanso magazi, kuthetsa kutopa ndi adamulowetsa ntchito ubongo.

Nthaka mchitidwe: makhalidwe

mchitidwe ili mu dongosolo nthawi mu gulu lachiwiri, mosayembekezera subgroup. Akuyambira nambala 30, nthaka kulemera - 65,37. The zonse yekha ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +2. The zamagetsi kasinthidwe wa akunja atomu wosanjikiza 4S ^2.

Mu Table nthaka, mkuwa, cadmium, chromium, manganese ndi ena ambiri - ndi kusintha zitsulo. Awa ndi anthu onse amene ma elekitironi kutenga akunja predvneshny D f sublevels mphamvu.

Kusintha zitsulo monga pulatinamu gulu ndi (golide, iridium, palladium, pulatinamu, osmium, ndi ena). Pakuti onsewo yodziwika ndi mapangidwe mankhwala zovuta zimene iwo amachita wothandizila complexing ndi manambala osiyanasiyana kugwirizana. Zonsezi ndi khalidwe la mchitidwe pansi ulemu mwa ife.

Pali zisanu isotopes mwachibadwa khola ndi manambala misa 64 kufika pa 70. ⁶⁵ Zn - nyukiliya, ndi moyo theka la masiku 244.

Nthaka monga chinthu yosavuta

nthaka mu mawonekedwe mwachizolowezi ndi chiyani? Iwo - zitsulo, siliva buluu, mwamsanga yokutidwa ndi zoteteza okusayidi filimu pa mlengalenga. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, zikuoneka kuti si mwaluntha. Komabe m'pofunika kuchotsa film, monga nthaka zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho katundu zitsulo onse - wokongola khalidwe luster ndi kuwala.

Mu chikhalidwe, zopezeka mu zikuchokera mchere ambiri ndi ores. Chotero, anthu ambiri ndi:

• nthaka blende, kapena sphalerite;
• kleyofan;
• marmatit;
• wurtzite;
• smithsonite;
• calamine;
• nthaka
• willemite;
• franklenit ndi ena.

Monga mbali ya ores wosanganiza nthaka nthawi anapeza pamodzi ndi anzake zonse, monga:

• thallium;
• germanium;
• indium;
• gallium;
• Cadmium.

Okwana zitsulo chimachititsa 0,076% ya matanthwe a pansi padziko. Ndi zikuluzikulu pang'ono kuposa mkuwa. Komanso, 0,07 mg / L thunthu zili m'nyanjamo.

Chilinganizo ngati chinthu wamba nthaka - Zn. Hexagonal galasi latisi, katundu. Mtundu wa mankhwala kogwirizana - zitsulo.

thupi katundu

N'zotheka tisonyezeni makhalidwe angapo.

1. Mtundu - srebristo buluu.
2. Kachulukidwe - 7,13 g / masentimita ^3.
3. Limatsogolera mfundo - 420 ^{° C} (amatanthauza gulu la zitsulo otsika-kusungunuka).
4. M'mikhalidwe yachibadwa - zakuthupi Chimaona.
5. Kuwira mfundo - 906 ° ^C.
6. Pamene usavutike 100-150 ^{° C} kumawonjezera kulimba ndi ductility, angathe kupanga wa waya ndi zojambulazo kugudubuzika.
7. Pa 200 ^{° C} mosavuta kuuluka mu ufa imvi, kutaya kusinthasintha.
8. Ndi wochititsa kwambiri.
9. The madutsidwe matenthedwe ndi wabwino, komanso mphamvu kutentha.

Chotero magawo thupi kulola kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ndi zinthu zina mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, wotchuka nthaka aloyi - yokutidwa mkuwa.

katundu mankhwala

M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, chitsulo chidutswa anaphimba pamwamba yomweyo kuzimiririka grayish-woyera ❖ kuyanika - nthaka okusayidi. Ichi chimabwera chifukwa chakuti mpweya mu mlengalenga yomweyo oxidizes chinthu choyera.

Ngati nthawi yaitali kusunga zitsulo oyera panja chinyezi, kudzakhala kwe ndi zochita za mpweya. Monga losavuta mankhwala nthaka amachitira ndi:

• halogens;
• chalcogens;
• mpweya;
• zidulo;
• alkalis;
• ammonia ndi ammonium (salt zake);
• zitsulo ofooka.

Zilibe anatani ndi asafe. Ngati ife kutenga nthaka mwamtheradi mankhwala koyera, Kodi samva chilichonse cha zinthu zomwe zalembedwa.

Zikuonekeratu kuti nthaka - zitsulo amphoteric. Mu zochita ndi alkalis ndipamene mankhwala zovuta - gidroksotsinkaty.

mankhwala nthaka

Magulu angapo chachikulu chimene akhoza anatchula:

1. nthaka silicide.
2. Ternary carbide mitundu - Ni ₃ ZnC.
3. nthaka halides (enaake, fluoride, iodide, bromide).
4. Sulfide, selenide, nthaka arsenide.
5. Phosphide ndi boride.
6. Ammine maofesi anapanga ndi zitsulo yatikhudza ndi yankho ammonia.
7. Cyanides, thiocyanates ndi thiosulfates kulibe monga maofesi lolingana mu amadzimadzi njira.
8. Okusayidi ndi nthaka hydroxide - mankhwala amphoteric ntchito yokonza gidroksotsinkatov maofesi.

Ambiri mwa mankhwala a amafotokozera ntchito makampani mankhwala kapena mafakitale ena (zomangamanga, syntheses banja, makampani utoto).

okusayidi nthaka chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala. Iye ali wabwino zotsatira odana ndi yotupa, pang'ono uphwetsa ndi kupha mabakiteriya. Choncho, ntchito zodzoladzola zochizira ziphuphu zakumaso, blackheads, ziphuphu ndi zina matenda a pakhungu.

salt nthaka

Pafupifupi salt onse amene si zinthu ziwiri kapena zovuta, mwachitsanzo mulibe extraneous ayoni wachikuda - ndi colorless crystalline mankhwala. Wotchuka kwambiri mu mawu a ntchito anthu ndiwo zotsatirazi.

1. Nthaka mankhwala enaake - ZnCL _2. dzina lina la kugwirizana - soldering acid. Kunja akuimira timibulu woyera, zimatenga chinyontho mu mlengalenga. Ntchito kukonza zitsulo pamalo isanafike soldering popanga ulusi, mu mabatire, chifukwa impregnation nkhuni pamaso mankhwala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
2. nthaka sulfide. White ufa, mofulumira chikasu pamene mkangano. Iwo ali limatsogolera mfundo mkulu, mosiyana ndi zitsulo yoyera. Ntchito kupanga mankhwala luminescent ntchito kwa zowonetsera, mapanelo ndi zinthu zina. Ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi.
3. nthaka phosphide - poizoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ndiyotani pakuchotsa gnawing nyama (mbewa, mbewa).
4. Smithsonite, nthaka carbonate kapena - ZnCO _3. Colorless crystalline pawiri, insoluble m'madzi. Izo ntchito makampani petrochemical, komanso mu zochita yopangira silika. Ndi chothandizira mu kaphatikizidwe organic, ntchito fetereza kwa nthaka.
5. Nthaka nthochi - (CH ₃ COO) ₂ Zn. timibulu colorless, mosavuta sungunuka solvents zonse za mtundu uliwonse. Ambiri ntchito onse mankhwala ndi mankhwala ndi chakudya mafakitale. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchiza nozafaringita. Ntchito monga chakudya zowonjezera E650 - freshens mpweya kumathandiza kuoneka zolengeza pa mano pamene gawo la chingamu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito etch utoto, kupulumutsa matabwa, mapulasitiki ndi zina syntheses organic. Kulikonse atenge mbali ya woletsa ndi.
6. Nthaka iodide - timibulu woyera ntchito radiography, monga electrolyte mu mabatire, monga utoto kwa microstudies amagetsi.
7. Black kapena mdima wobiriwira timibulu, amene sakhoza akamagwira kaphatikizidwe mwachindunji, monga nthaka ndi asafe Kodi samva. Kodi anapanga ku zitsulo ammine. Pa kutentha izo linawola kumasula nthaka Komabe ntchito kukonzekera.
8. nthaka nitrate. Colorless hygroscopic mibulu. Kugwiritsa nthaka mu fomu iyi ikuchitika makampani nsalu ndi zikopa kwa etching zimakhala.

kasakaniza wazitsulo nthaka

Monga tanena, pali ambiri nthaka aloyi - mkuwa. Kuti iye wakhala kuyambira nthawi yakale kwambiri ndipo mwachangu ntchito ndi anthu kutali. Ndi chiyani icho?

Mkuwa - ndi mkuwa, nthaka, zomwe zili zogwirizana ndi zitsulo zina zingapo, nayikapo mphamvu zina gloss, mphamvu ndi aloyi refractoriness. Nthaka mu zikuchokera monga mchitidwe alloying, mkuwa - ngati zofunika. Zofunika mtundu wachikasu, chonyezimira, koma panja mapangidwe yonyowa angathe kuwononga. Limatsogolera mfundo za 950 ^{° C,} zingasiyane malingana zili nthaka (ikuluikulu ndi, m'munsi kutentha).

chuma bwino adagulung'undisa mu mapepala, timachubu, welded njira kukhudzana. Ali specifications wabwino luso, kotero mwa izo zinapanga zinthu zotsatirazi:.

1. mbali Machine ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana luso.
2. Manja ndi stampings.
3. Mtedza, akapichi ndi zovekera.
4. Zovekera, bushings, dzimbiri zosagwira mbali ya modes osiyana zoyendera.
5. Penyani mbali.

Ambiri a ife ankaona zitsulo opangidwa mu dziko amapita pa olungama yopanga aloyi lapansi.

mtundu wina intermetallic pawiri - nthaka antimonide. Chilinganizo Zn ₄ SB _3. aloyi Izi amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati transistors michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi, imagers ikukhudzana zipangizo magnetoresistive.

Mwachionekere ntchito nthaka ndi mankhwala ake ndi ambiri ndipo pafupifupi kwina kulikonse. zitsulo ichinso anthu ambiri zamkuwa, zitsulo zotayidwa, siliva, golide, manganese ndi chitsulo. Mtengo wake zolinga makamaka mkulu luso ngati chuma anticorrosive. Ndipotu, ataphimbidwa ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo zosiyanasiyana nthaka ndi mankhwala kuti mutetezedwe ku chionongeko cha masoka njira.

Udindo kwachilengedwenso

nthaka mawu a mankhwala ndi zamoyo ndi chiyani? Kaya lili ndi tanthauzo kwa moyo wa zamoyo ndi momwe izo ziri zazikulu? Iwo likukhalira kuti nthaka ayoni chabe Payenera kukhala mwa zinthu zamoyo. Apo ayi, kuchepekedwa adzakhala ndi zotsatira izi:

• magazi m'thupi;
• utachepa insulin;
• chifuwa;
• kuwonda ndi chikumbukiro;
• kutopa;
• maganizo;
• mkhutu masomphenya;
• irritability ndi ena.

M'madera chachikulu cha ndende ya ayoni nthaka mu thupi - ndi kapamba, chiwindi ndi akatumba. Komanso, ndi zitsulo gawo ambiri a michere (mwachitsanzo, carbonic anhydrase). Choncho, ambiri a catalysis amapezeka ndi nawo nthaka.

Kodi kwenikweni kuchita ayoni?

1. Nawo kaphatikizidwe mahomoni mwamuna ndi umuna.
2. Amalimbikitsa mayamwidwe vitamini E.
3. Nawo pogawanikana pamawere wa mamolekyulu mowa m'thupi.
4. Amagwira ntchito kaphatikizidwe mahomoni ambiri (insulin, kukula timadzi, testosterone ndi ena).
5. Watenga mbali mu mapangidwe magazi ndi machiritso a minofu kuonongeka.
6. Ndi nthawi katulutsidwe wa zopangitsa sebaceous, kuthandiza kukula wabwinobwino wa tsitsi ndi misomali, amalimbikitsa njira regenerative pakhungu.
7. Amatha kuthetsa poizoni m'thupi ndi kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha m'thupi.
8. Zingamvekere mapangidwe kukoma ndi kununkhiza.
9. Pamafunika gawo mu njira ya galamafoniyo, ndi kupukusa chakudya vitamini A, kaphatikizidwe mkati ndi kusokonezeka.
10. Iye ali nawo mu masiteji onse kukula ndi chitukuko cha maselo, komanso m'munsili ndondomeko ya mawu losokonekera.

Zonsezi kamodzinso zimatsimikizira mmene Chofunika ndi zitsulo. udindo wake mu machitidwe kwachilengedwenso anaimveketsa okha XX atumwi. mavuto ambiri ndi zisautso m'mbuyomu akanatha kupewedwa ngati anthu ankadziwa mankhwala ntchito mankhwala zochokera nthaka.

Kodi tingatani kuti tikhalebe kuchuluka kwa chinthu ichi mu thupi? Yankho lake ndi lodziwikiratu. Muyenera kudya zakudya zomwe zili nthaka. mndandanda angakhale yaitali, kotero ife tinatchula okhawo amene pazipita angapo amafotokozera mu funso:

• mtedza ndi mbewu;
• nyemba;
• nyama;
• nsomba, makamaka oysters;
• Tirigu ndi mkate;
• mkaka;
• zitsamba, masamba ndi zipatso.

ntchito anthu

Ife kale anasankha mu uthunthu wake, limene mafakitale ndi kumabungwe a makampani ntchito nthaka. Mtengo wa zitsulo ichi ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake m'malo okwezeka. Mwachitsanzo, mkuwa chinsalu cha kukula 0,6 × 1.5 anali ayesedwa mu pafupifupi 260 rubles. Ndipo m'pake kutero, chifukwa khalidwe la nkhaniyo ndi mkulu mokwanira.

Choncho, zachitsulo nthaka, kuti, monga mankhwala losavuta ntchito:

• wokutira ndi dzimbiri pa chitsulo ndi zitsulo mankhwala;
• mu mabatire;
• yosindikiza;
• monga nthumwi kuchepetsa ndi chothandizira mu kaphatikizidwe organic;
• mu zitsulo za kudzipatula miyala ina ku njira yake.

okusayidi nthaka ntchito osati pa zifukwa zodzikongoletsera, amene takambirana kale, komanso ngati filler mu mphira, monga pigment woyera mu utoto.

Za komwe salt zosiyanasiyana nthaka ntchito, tikuuzidwa mu kulingalira mankhwala awa. N'zoonekeratu kuti nthaka akukhudzidwira ndi mankhwala - zofunika ndi chidwi makampani, mankhwala ndi mafakitale zina zigawo, popanda amene ambiri a njira sizingatheke kapena kwambiri angaletsedwe.