Chilinganizo toluene: kodi toluene, ndi momwe kuti izo?

M'bwalomo, monga toluene, tinganene kuti ngati ofanana nawo a tate ndi woyamba wa mndandanda magazi - benzene. Chilinganizo ambiri mankhwala amene ali a kalasi iyi, - C _N H _2n-6. Mu mamolekyulu wa chimasanduka onunkhira zili benzene mphete (mphete pakati). Chilinganizo toluene C ₇ H ₈ akuganizira zinthu za thupi gulu la mankhwala organic. Ambiri a toluene amadziwika pansi pa dzina losiyana - methylbenzene. mankhwala wakhala ambiri makampani, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zosungunulira ndi organic, ndi banga remover ntchito zina.

toluene ndi chiyani?

arenes chimodzi chofunika - toluene - ndi methyl ndilochokera ku benzene. The madzi insoluble colorless madzi nazo fungo amatikumbutsa utoto, lacquers, solvents.

Chemical chilinganizo toluene - C ₇ H ₈ - akhoza olembedwa mosiyana: C ₆ H ₅ -CH _3. Pankhaniyi, chiwerengero cha maatomu akanali yemweyo koma mosiyana ndinasintha ku benzene, ndilo kwakukulu - methyl.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zina za nomenclature, pawiri imatchedwa methylbenzene ndi fenilmetanom. Izi ndi toluene chomwecho, chilinganizo ambiri C ₇ H _8. Pa nkhani zakale chimakhudza chakuti atomu wa hydrogen imodzi kuchokera omwe akugwirizana ndi mpweya wa benzene mphete ndi malo ndi methyl kwakukulu. Pakuti dzina chachiwiri asankha njira ina. Akukhulupirira kuti dziko wina wa hydrogen m'malo mwa phenyl kwakukulu. tinthu ichi, chimene atatembenuzidwa benzene, kupereka atomu wa hydrogen.

kapangidwe maselo

The zikuchokera nkhaniyi organic, wopangidwa basi mpweya ndi maatomu wa hydrogen, akuganizira toluene chilinganizo. Sharosterzhnevye ndi buku zitsanzo kupereka lingaliro la kapangidwe ka molekyulu pawiri, monga wolekana ndi zinthu mofanana magazi zino. Pali kufanana pakati pa toluene ndi benzene, umene uli pamaso pa mphete 6 mpweya maatomu, mu mkhalidwe SP ² mwakusakaniza. Aliyense wa awa nsinga mumaonekedwe atatu Sigma ndi particles oyandikana (awiri maatomu a carbon ndi wa hydrogen imodzi). Perpendicular mphete limapezeka limodzi pakompyuta dongosolo la otsala sanali hybrid tsa-orbitals (wina mu ma atomu sikisi mpweya). Zotsatira zake zimakhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri ndipo mtendere wa kuzungulira lonse, motero toluene mankhwala. Chilinganizo structural zikuphatikizapo mankhwala chiwiri mpweya ku gulu methyl, okhoza SP ³ mwakusakaniza. Iwo amagwirizana ndi maatomu wa hydrogen atatu, ndi kugwirizana chachinayi limathera pawiri ndi mpweya umodzi mu benzene mphete.

Kandalama chilinganizo methylbenzene

The kachulukidwe elekitironi pakati pa maatomu mpweya kuti apange mphete zonunkhira, ndi anagawira wogawana. chodabwitsa amasonyeza mu chilinganizo benzene, toluene, ndi zina zodziwika bwino arenes aromaticity (a circumference wa mphete). Iwo amatchuka ndi kukhalapo kwa methyl kwakukulu pa imodzi mwa ma atomu mpweya mu phata la. Kulankhulana pakati pa particles onse akusonyeza dashes. Chilinganizo kandalama Pankhaniyi amasonyeza zikuchokera ndi mbali yaikulu ya kapangidwe maselo a zinthu.

Anasintha toluene chilinganizo - mphete mkati hexagon kapena dashes, ndicho chomangira awiri. Gulu methyl akhoza kukhala pa aliyense wa mtima asanu atomiki, ali wofanana ndi mzake. The sangathe njira fano momveka bwino. Lembani sasamalira mudziwe zikuchokera kanthu ndi pazikhala kufanana zonse zomangira kaboni mpweya mu mphete.

Kupeza methylbenzene mu zasayansi ndi makampani

Zasayansi, ndi toluene anali woyamba zopezera zaka 1835-1938 P. Pelletier ndi A. Deville. Asayansi oyamba distillation wa paini chingamu, ndi wachiwiri ntchito tolu basamu yotengedwa South America mtengo Toluifera ku Colombia. Choncho panali dzina wamba thunthu - toluene. Panopa ambiri ndithu methylbenzene amapereka distillation wa mafuta ndi malasha phula, kenako kuyeretsa. Mu ndondomeko coking, toluene atachotsedwa coke uvuni mpweya. Mu kaphatikizidwe styrene kuti adzamasulidwa monga chochokera kwa zimene benzene ndi ethylene. Mu labotale ndi mafakitale kulandira toluene wochitidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana.

1. Dehydrocyclization wa chimasanduka acyclic. Toluene unakonzedwa ku heptane pamaso pa chothandizira pa kutentha 300 C °.
2. Alkylation wa benzene, imene inkatchedwa Friedel-Timatheriyali anachita. Ikuchitika pamaso pa AlCl3 chothandizira kapena catalysts zina: C ₆ H ₅ -H + CH ₃ CL = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + HCl.
3. Mogwirizana ndi bromobenzene: C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ -Br + -Br + 2Na = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + 2NaBr.
4. Kusakaniza nthaka ndi cresol: C ₆ H ₄ CH ₃ HA + Zn = C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ + ZnO.
5. Processing asidi toluenesulfonic.

The thupi katundu wa methylbenzene

Toluene, structural chilinganizo cha imene ili benzene phata, akusonyeza thupi katundu amene ankaikira mankhwala onunkhira.

1. Transparent colorless madzi inki limatulutsa fungo.
2. Methylbenzene ikamauma pa otsika kutentha ndi kuyamba kusungunuka pa -93 ° C.
3. Kuwira mfundo ya toluene ndi 110,63 ° C. mankhwala kachulukidwe - 0,8669 g / ml.
4. Methylbenzene Solubility m'madzi pa kutentha 20 ° C - 0,47 g / L. Molar Unyinji wa thunthu M (C ₇ H ₈₎ = 92.14 g / mol.

The katundu mankhwala toluene: makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Katundu wa arenes atsimikiziridwa mkombero mankhwala khola la atomu sikisi mpweya. Chilinganizo toluene - ndi benzene mphete amene unsaturated yokhala ndi methyl kwakukulu. chimasanduka zonunkhira ndi katundu ofanana alkenes, amene yodziwika ndi kuwonjezera anachita. Komabe, maatomu wa hydrogen mu mamolekyulu wa benzene ndi homologues zake nawo zochita M'MALO, zomwe zimabweretsa m'bwalolo ndi alkanes. Toluene ndi zotakasika kuposa benzene. Pakuti ambiri wothandizila makutidwe ndi okosijeni anachita.

1. Kutentha, amene anatsagana ndi kumasulidwa mpweya woipa komanso mapangidwe madzi: C ₇ H ₈ + 9O ₂ = 7CO ₂ + 4H ₂ O.
2. Mu zimene toluene ndi permanganate potaziyamu oxidizes magulu methyl mu mbali unyolo molekyulu kuti carboxyl mankhwala. Chisoni asidi benzoic asidi analandira.

zochita mankhwala toluene onunkhira phata

1. Bromination, imene imachitika mu kukhalapo kwa catalysts. zakuthupi Halogenated aumbike: C ₇ H ₈ + br ₂ = C ₇ H ₇ br + HBr.
2. methylbenzene Nitration ikuchitika ndi osakaniza nitric anaikira ndi zidulo sulfuric. The nitro gulu toluene akhoza kutenga ortho ndi Para malo. Zimene atuluka malinga limagwirira wa M'MALO electrophilic. trinitrotoluene (TNT), zachiwawa ndi aumbike pa kutentha.
3. Hydrogenation a haidrojini pa chothandizira amatsogolera kwa yokonza dearomatization ndi methylcyclohexane: C ₇ H ₈ + 3H ₂ = C ₇ H _14.
4. Chlorination ndi Kutentha wolimba kapena dzuwa limakhala lamphamvu anamaliza mawonekedwe hexachlorocyclohexane.

ntchito methylbenzene

Toluene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chuma yaiwisi mu kaphatikizidwe organic. Iye ndi zinthu zofunikira pa ntchito yopanga zinthu zambiri. Ntchito toluene:

• kupeza utoto;
• zotsimikizira banga removers, detergents;
• Kupanga mabomba TNT;
• ntchito kumatira monga zosungunulira, utoto, acitsanurira kupanga ndiponso kukonza wothandizila;
• kupanga utoto ntchito yomanga;
• output misomali;
• asatayike;
• kuwonjezeka mafuta octeni;
• organic kaphatikizidwe benzoic asidi asidi, benzaldehyde, benzyl enaake, saccharin, benzyl mowa ndi zinthu zina;

Machitidwe toluene ngati zosungunulira mafakitale makampani youma kuchapa ntchito mu khungu ndi zikopa. Ndi kalambulabwalo angapo katundu mafuta, phenol, formaldehyde, mankhwala ndi mankhwala ena.

toluene kawopsedwe

Methylbenzene mankhwala ndi ngozi moto. The osakaniza nthunzi mpweya kuyaka moto akamaziwononga. Toluene ndi flammable madzi. Chilinganizo structural amapereka lingaliro la kapangidwe ndi dongosolo, koma lilibe mfundo za mmene zinthu pa thupi la munthu. Umapezeka kuti toluene ndi poizoni, carcinogenic kanthu. Mabanja methylbenzene mosavuta mkatikati mwa khungu, dongosolo kupuma, chifukwa kusintha chapakati mantha dongosolo, mkwiyo wa chophimba minofu, dermatitis. Pamene Mpweya nthunzi ya toluene anthu amapezeka ulesi, kenaka utentha mamba, mkhutu ntchito zida za vestibular. Ntchito ndi toluene, utoto, solvents ayenera kuvala magolovesi, bwinobwino ventilate chipinda kapena kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba. Methylbenzene ndi ofooka chomwa mankhwalawa mankhwala, amachititsa kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo toluene. Mitundu ina ya kungasokoneze zinthu:

• diso kuyabwa ndi kusokonezeka kwa masomphenya mtundu;
• yaitali kukhudzana zingachititse kumva imfa;
• ndende mkulu magazi kumawononga chiwindi, impso necrosis;
• Inhalation ya ndalama ya nthunzi kumabweretsa chizungulire, tulo, mutu.

Pomaliza

Toluene amapangidwa lalikulu zedi zomera petrochemical kapena analandira monga zomera chochokera coke. Pawiri ndi lofunika zopangira kwa zikuluzikulu kaphatikizidwe organic ntchito makampani mankhwala. Zina methylbenzene mitundu mankhwala, amene ntchito mu ntchito ndi utoto. Toluene amatanthauza gulu la mankhwala angaononge III kalasi ya ngozi. Pamene ntchito ndi chinthu ndende ya nthunzi mu mlengalenga sayenera upambana anatsimikizadi malamulo a ukhondo. Tisalole anathetsera toluene maonekedwe a malawi lotseguka, nsakali, izo zikhoza inaphulika. Palinso mavuto a zachilengedwe kugwirizana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa toluene mu mlengalenga:

• ndi moto mafuta, mafuta amene osiyana;
• mu mapiri yogwira;
• mu moto wa m'nkhalango;
• ntchito solvents ndi utoto.

The katundu poizoni wa ngozi toluene, moto ndi kuphulika amafuna asachite chithandizo madzi mankhwala ndi mpweya wake.