Ndi zotsatira za zaka mazana nkhondo (1337-1453) chiyani? Zaka mazana nkhondo: magawo ndi zotsatira

Kodi zikhoza kukhala zoipa kwambiri kuposa nkhondo, pamene zofuna za andale ndi mphamvu masauzande ambiri amafa haves. Ndi zambiri woopsa yaitali motero nkhondo asilikali, imene anthu kuphunzira moyo akukhala imfa akhoza kuwapeza iwo pa nthawi iliyonse, ndi moyo wa munthu ulibe phindu. Amenewa anali ndi zaka nkhondo, zifukwa, masiteji, zotsatira ndi biographies a zisudzo zomwe kuzilingalira mosamalitsa.

zifukwa

Musanayambe kuphunzira, kodi zotsatira za zaka mazana nkhondo, ayenera kumvetsa malo ake. Zonse zinayamba ndi chakuti ana a French Mfumu Philip wachinayi asiya adzakhale wamwamuna. Pa nthawi yomweyo anali moyo mdzukulu mbadwa ya mwana wamkazi wa mfumu ya Isabella - English Korol Eduard ndi Chachitatu, anafika pa mpando wachifumu wa England mu 1328 pa msinkhu wa zaka 16. Komabe, iye sakanakhoza amati wachifumu wa France, malinga ndi Chilamulo Salic. Choncho, France kulamulira mzera wa Valois mu umunthu wa Philip chimodzi, amene anali mwana wa mchimwene wa Filipo Chachinayi, ndiponso Edward lachitatu 1331 anakakamizika kubweretsa namlambira kwa Gascony - French dera, ankaona chuma la Mafumu British.

Chiyambi cha gawo loyamba la nkhondo (1337-1360)

zaka 6 pambuyo zotchulidwa Edward ndi Chachitatu anaganiza akadali nkhondo wachifumu wa agogo ake, nawatuma kovuta kwa Filipo chimodzi. Choncho anayamba zaka mazana nkhondo, zifukwa ndi zotsatira za omwe ali chidwi kwambiri kwa anthu amene aphunzira mbiri ya Ulaya. Pambuyo chilengezo cha nkhondo, British unkatchedwa tiponye lotchedwa Picardy, imene anathandiza anthu a Flanders ndi ang'onoang'ono zigawo kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa France.

Mu zaka zoyambirira pambuyo chiyambi cha nkhondo, kumenyanako kunapitirira yosiyana bwino, mpaka mu 1340, panalibe nkhondo panyanja mu Sluis. Chifukwa cha chigonjetso ya English Channel anali m'manja mwawo, ndipo anakhalabe choncho mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo. Choncho, m'chaka cha 1346, palibe chingalepheretse asilikali a Edward yachitatu ndi kuwoloka khwalala n'kuulanda Caen. Kuyambira pamenepo, asilikali British Pambuyo Crécy, kumene pa August 26, nkhondo wotchuka, imene inatha mu chigonjetso, ndipo mu 1347 kulanda mzindawo ndi Calais. Limodzi ndi zochitika izi tsikuli nkhondo ku Scotland. Komabe, mwayi anapitiriza kumwetulira kwa Edward yachitatu ndi amene anagonjetsa asilikali a ufumu Nkhondo ya Cross Neville, ndipo kwathetsa nkhondo ziŵiri.

Mliri wa makoswe ndi mapeto a mtendere Bretigny

Mu zaka 1346-1351 ku Ulaya anapita "Makoswe." Izi mliri mliri ankanena miyoyo ya ambiri, sipakanakhala funso kupitiriza nkhondoyi. Yapadera kokha nthawi imeneyi, m'Chiarabu adayimba, anakhala podwala makumi atatu, pamene English ndi Ankhondo French ndi squires ankachitika ndi duel misa, overseen ndi alimi mazana angapo. Pakutha pa mliri England adapitiriza ntchito asilikali omwe makamaka imatsogoleredwa Black Prince - mwana wamkulu wa Edward III. Mu 1356, iye anapambana nkhondo ya Poitiers ndipo analanda French Mfumu John II. Kenako mu 1360, a Dauphin la France, amene anali kukhala Mfumu Charles wachisanu, yolembedwa otchedwa Mtendere Bretigny pa sinali bwino kwambiri.

Choncho, zotsatira za zaka mazana Nkhondo mbali yake yoyamba anali motere:

• France kwathunthu nkhongono;
• England anapeza theka la Brittany, Aquitaine, Poitiers, Calais, ndipo pafupifupi hafu ya m'manja chuma cha mdani, ie, John II watwya mphamvu pa magawo atatu a m'gawo lake;
• Eduard lachitatu anayamba m'malo komanso m'malo mwa ana awo salinso kugona amati wachifumu wa agogo ake;
• wachiwiri mwana wa John II - Lyudovik Anzhuysky - anatumizidwa ku London monga akapolo posinthanitsa ndi kubwerera ku France wa atate wake.

Mtendere pakati pa zaka za 1360 ndi 1369

Pambuyo kutha kwa Nkhondo, anthu a m'mayiko nawo mu nkhondoyo, muli yopuma imene inatenga zaka 9. Panthawi imeneyi, anathawa England Lyudovik Anzhuysky, ndipo bambo ake, pokhala Knight, amakwaniritsa mawu ake, anapita kuukapolo kwawo, kumene anakafa. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, anakwera wachifumu wa France, Charles V, amene 1369 anamunamizira British kuti akuphwanya pangano mtendere ndipo anayambiranso ntchito asilikali ndi iwo.

mwendo yachiwiri

Kawirikawiri, anthu amene aphunzira patsogolo ndi zotsatira zaka mazana nkhondo wofanana ndi imeneyi nthawi pakati pa zaka 1369 ndi 1396, pamene mndandanda wa nkhondo zonse, zimene Kuwonjezera gulu lalikulu anali nawo mu Ufumu wa Castile, Portugal ndi Scotland. Nthawi imeneyi, panali zotsatirazi zinthu zofunika:

• mu 1370 mu Castile ndi thandizo la French anayamba kulamulira, Enrique II, amene anakhala angakuthandizeni awo wokhulupirika;
• Patapita zaka ziwiri, atamasulidwa ku Poitiers;
• mu 1372 ku Nkhondo ya La Rochelle, ndi Franco-Chikasitilia zombo anagonjetsa kuphatikiza British squadron;
• zaka 4 anafa Black Prince;
• mu 1377 Edward anafa wachitatu, pa mpando wachifumu wa England, Richard zazing'ono lachiwiri;
• kuyambira 1392 pa Mfumu ya France zizindikiro za misala anayamba akuoneni;
• Patatha zaka zinayi armistice ndi anali anamaliza chifukwa pa otsutsa frazzled.

Osayanjanitsika (1396-1415)

Pamene misala ya Mfumu Charles chimodzi zinali zosachita kufunsa kuti aliyense mu dziko anayamba internecine ndewu, imene chipanichi chinapeza Armagnac. Zinthu zinali bwino mu England, nalowa nkhondo yatsopano ndi Scotland, umene ukuyenera chotheka pofuna kusangalatsa opandukawo la Ireland ndi Wales. Komanso pali kutsitsidwa Richard II, Henry IV ndipo analamulira pa mpando wachifumu, ndi mwana wake. Choncho, mpaka 1415, mayiko onse analephera kupitiriza nkhondo ndipo anali mu mkhalidwe osayanjanitsika zida.

Gawo lachitatu (1415-1428)

Awo amene amaphunzira njira ndi zotsatira za zaka mazana nkhondo, kawirikawiri chidwi kwambiri mwambo wotchedwa zikamera wa chotero chodabwitsa mbiri monga wankhondo mkazi amene akanatha kukhala mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo la Ankhondo ang'onoang'ono. Tikuyankhula zokhudza Joan waku Arc, amene anabadwa mu 1412, pa mapangidwe umunthu zimakhudza kwambiri ndi zimene zikuchitika mu zaka 1415-1428. sayansi mbiri amaona nthawi imeneyi, gawo lachitatu la zaka mazana nkhondo, ndipo zazikulu fungulo zochitika izi:

• Nkhondo ya Agincourt mu 1415, amene anapambana Henry wachisanu;
• kusaina mgwirizano mu Troyes, malinga ndi zimene misala Korol Karl VI ananena m'malo mwake mfumu ya England;
• adani British wa Paris mu 1421;
• imfa ya Henry wachisanu, ndi kulengeza mwana wake wazaka a mfumu ya England ndi France;
• wogonjetsedwa kale Dauphin Charles, amene ndi mbali yaikulu ya French ankaona mfumu yoyenerera, mu nkhondo ya cravant;
• English kuzinga Orleans, yomwe inayamba mu 1428, imene dziko atamva dzina la Joan waku Arc.

The mapeto a nkhondo (1428-1453)

City a Orleans anali zofunika kwambiri njira. Ngati British anakwanitsa kuulanda, yankho la funso "Kodi zotsatira zaka mazana 'nkhondo" zikanakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi French kufika pokhala ufulu wodzilamulira. Mwamwayi dziko, zinawululidwa msungwana, akuitana yokha Jeanne Virgin. Iye anabwera kwa Dauphin Charles mu March 1429 ndipo analengeza kuti Yehova adamuuza kuyima pa mutu wa asilikali French, ndi kukweza kuzinga Orleans. Pambuyo angapo anafunsidwa mayesero Karl anakhulupirira ake ndipo anasankha mtsogoleri wa asilikali ake. Chifukwa, May 8 Orleans ndinapulumutsidwa, June 18, asilikali asilikali a Joan Chingelezi pa Nkhondo ya Pathé, ndipo June 29 pa kuumirira kwa namwali wa Orleans anayamba "yopanda magazi kampeni" dauphin kuti Reims. Kweneko iye anavekedwa monga Charles ndi chiwiri, koma pasanapite nthawi anasiya kumvera malangizo a wankhondo wa.

Patapita zaka zingapo, Jeanne anagwidwa ndi Burgundians, amene anapambana mtsikana English, ndipo anthu ake anaphedwa pa milandu ya chisokonezo ndi kupembedza mafano. Komabe, zotsatira za nkhondo zaka mazana akhala zosachita Pomaliza, ndipo ngakhale imfa ya namwali wa Orleans sanakhoze kulepheretsa kumasulidwa kwa France. nkhondo Last pankhondo imeneyi inali nkhondo ya Castillon mu 1453, pamene British anataya Gascony wawo zaka zoposa 250.

Zotsatira za nkhondo zaka mazana '(1337-1453)

Chifukwa cha yaitali motero zida mezhdinasticheskogo nkhondo England anataya madera ake onse chokhala mu France, kusiya kokha doko la Calais. Komanso, poyankha funso lokhudza zimene zotsatira za zaka mazana nkhondo m'munda wa akatswiri mbiri asilikali kuyankha kuti zotsatira zake, kopambana anasintha njira za nkhondo, komanso zida zinalengedwa.

Zotsatira za zaka mazana 'Nkhondo

Kumatikumbutsabe za nkhondo anatsimikiza ubale wa Britain ndi France m'zaka za patsogolo. Makamaka, mpaka 1801, Chingerezi, ndipo kenako Mafumu British anaberekera mutu wa mafumu a France, amene palibe njira chinathandiza kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa pamene anali zaka mazana nkhondo, zifukwa, ndithudi, ndi zotsatira za atchulidwa zolinga amene pafupifupi 6 zaka ndi phunziro la mbiri yakale ambiri.