Ndi zotsatira relativistic chiyani?

Chakale sayansi ndi a maganizo kuti anthu onse, kaya malo, apeza zotsatira zofanana mu miyeso awo nthawi ndi kutalika. Mfundo relativity limanena kuti abuluzi akhoza kupeza zotsatira zosiyana, kuwapotoza amenewa amatchedwa "zotsatira relativistic". Pamene tikuyandikira kuwala kumayendera Newtonian sayansi akulabadira.

kuwala kumayendera

Scientist A. Michelson amachitika 1881 kuyeza liwiro la kuwala, ndinazindikira kuti Zotsatira adzakhala sikukutanthauza liwiro ndi amene amachititsa ndi cheza gwero. Pamodzi ndi EV Michelson Morley kuyesera mu 1887 imachitika kuyesera wina, kenako dziko zinaonekeratu: ziribe kanthu zimene malangizo muyeso ndi liwiro la kuwala kulikonse ndi yofanana. Zotsatira za maphunziro awa zinali zosemphana ndi maganizo a sayansi pa nthawiyo, chifukwa ngati kuwala chimayenda mu chilengedwe makamaka (mpweya), ndiponso dziko ikuyenda mu sing'anga chomwecho, miyezo mu madera osiyana sangakhale chimodzimodzi.

Kenako, French masamu, wasayansi ya zakuthambo Jules Anri Puankare anali mmodzi wa amene adayambitsa ndi chiphunzitso cha relativity. Iye anayamba chiphunzitso Lorentz malinga ndi zomwe zilipo efa n'kupuma, kotero kuwala kumayendera wachibale si amadalira mlingo gwero. Mafelemu kusuntha anagwira Lorentz kusintha, osati ku Galileya (Galileo kusintha anatengera mpaka mu zimango Newtonian). Kuyambira Galileya kutembenuka anakhala choncho wapadera wa Lorentz kusintha, kusintha kwa ena dongosolo inertial wolozera ndi yaing'ono (poyerekeza ndi kuwala kumayendera) liwiro.

Chiyembekezo chakuti wa efa ndi

Relativistic zotsatira za kuchepetsa kutalika, amatchedwanso Lorentz chidule, ndi kwa woyang'anira zinthu kusuntha wachibale izo, adzakhala ndi kutalika ang'onoang'ono.

A chopereka kwambiri pa ganizo la relativity Albert Eynshteyn anayambitsa. Iye kwathunthu anathetsa mawu monga "efa", mpaka ku nthawi ino prisutstvavshy kuganiza ndi kuwerengetsera ya sayansi, ndipo malingaliro onse za katundu wa malo ndi nthawi, anasamutsira kuti kinematics lapansi.

Pambuyo ntchito mu kuwala kwa Einstein, Poincare osati anasiya kulemba zokhudza sayansi pa phunziro, koma sananene dzina anzake mu nchito zake, kupatula choncho kokha mwa mawu onena za chiphunzitso cha mphamvu photoelectric. Poincare anapitiriza kukambirana katundu wa efa, ndi m'mbali kumakana buku lililonse la Einstein, ngakhale mu nkhani iyi ndi wasayansi wotchuka kwambiri, kusamala nazo, moti iye Mbali waluntha, pamene akuluakulu a Apamwamba Polytechnic School Ndikufuna kuitana Einstein mu Zurich kukhala pulofesa pa sukulu.

chiphunzitso cha relativity

Ngakhale anthu amene kwathunthu osemphana ndi sayansi ndi masamu, osachepera mu mau, kodi chiphunzitso cha relativity, chifukwa mwina wotchuka kwambiri mfundo za sayansi. Iwo postulates kuwononga ziphunzitso wamba nthawi ndi malo, ndipo ngakhale ophunzira kuphunzira chiphunzitso cha relativity, koma kuwamvetsa uthunthu wake si kokwanira kudziwa njira.

nthawi dilation zotsatira mayesero mu kuyesera ndi ndege supersonic. Zolondola atomiki wotchi pa bolodi, atabwerera anayamba kwanthawi kwa kugawanika chachiwiri. Ngati pali anthu amene akungokuonani awiri, mmodzi amene ali n'kupuma ndi chimachititsanso ena pa zina liwiro wachibale kwa woyamba, pamene akuona amene ali n'kupuma, adzapita mofulumira, ndi chinthu chokwawa mphindi adzakhala pang'ono. Komabe, ngati kuyenda amatsata kusankha kubwerera ndipo onani nthawi, likukhalira kuti wotchi anasonyeza pang'ono kakang'ono kuposa poyamba. Ndiko, ndi mtunda kwambiri pa lonse danga, iye "anakhala" nthawi yochepa, pamene ikuyenda.

Zotsatira Relativistic mu moyo

Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti asunge zotsatira relativistic kokha pamene kuwala kumayendera, kapena malowedwe athu kwa izo, ndipo ndithudi iwo ali, koma inu mukhoza kuona iwo, osati kuswedwa m'mlengalenga wanu. Pa masamba a sayansi inati thupi Review Letters angathe kuwerenga pa ntchito ongolankhula asayansi Swedish. Iwo analemba kuti zotsatira relativistic alipo ngakhale mu batire kwa galimoto. Ndondomeko ndi zotheka chifukwa cha kayendedwe mofulumira ma elekitironi wa maatomu a kutsogolera (by njira, iwo ndi chifukwa ambiri a voteji mu malo a). N'chifukwa chakenso, ngakhale kufanana kwa otsogolera malata, mabatire malata ofotokoza sizikugwira ntchito.

zitsulo zachilendo

liwiro rotational wa ma elekitironi mu ma atomu ndi otsika kwambiri, kotero chiphunzitso relativity sizikuthandiza, koma pali ena kupatula. Ngati muyenda kutali ndi pansi pa tebulo nthawi, zikuonekeratu kuti atsogolere yolemera kuposa kwambiri kwa zinthu mu izo. Unyinji lalikulu mtima ndi counterbalanced ndi kuwonjezeka mathamangidwe elekitironi, ndipo mwina ngakhale tikuyandikira kuwala.

Ngati tikambirana mfundo imeneyi kwa chiphunzitso cha relativity, zikuonekeratu kuti ma elekitironi mu zikachitika ayenera kukhala waukulu. Njira yokhayo kupulumutsa patsogolo okhota, koma yozungulira adzakhala wothinikizidwa radially, ndipo makamaka anamuona pa maatomu a zitsulo, koma yozungulira "wosakwiya" ma elekitironi sizimasintha. Amenewa relativistic zimawonedwa mu maatomu zitsulo zina mu ma-orbitals molondola, mawonekedwe spherically symmetrical. Akukhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha relativity Mercury ali ndi boma madzi a loitanirana firiji.

danga kuyenda

Zinthu mu mlengalenga ndi anapatukana ndi kutalika kwa mitunda, kapena ngakhale pamene galimoto pa liwiro la kuwala angatenge nthawi yaitali kwambiri kuwalaka. Mwachitsanzo, kufika Alpha Centauri - nyenyezi yapafupi, m'mlengalenga, ndi kuwala kumayendera, kutenga zaka zinayi, ndi kukwaniritsa loyandikana Way athu - ndi Large Magellanic Mtambo - kufunika zaka 160 zikwi.

Kuulukira Alpha Centauri ndi kumbuyo akadali zotheka, chifukwa chofunika okwana zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, ndi okhalamo galimoto amene amamva zotsatira za nthawi dilation, nthawi imeneyi adzakhala zochepa kwambiri, koma atabwerera ku ulendo loyandikana nalo chombo Way kupeza kuti dziko kwawo zidachoka mazana atatu ndi makumi awiri zaka zambiri, chitukuko anthu mwina yaitali unatha. Choncho, zotsatira relativistic kulola anthu kusamukira ku nthawi. Chikhochi ndi chimodzi mwa mavuto waukulu kufufuza malo, chifukwa chiyani mfundo kugonjetsa m'mlengalenga, ngati sangathe kubwerera?

zochita More

Kuwonjezera odziwika pang'onopang'ono nthawi pansi, ndipo pali relativistic Doppler tingati malinga ngati yoweyula gwero wayamba kusuntha, yoweyula pochulukitsa motsogozedwa gululi, adzakhala amaona woyang'anira monga "lalifupi", ndipo kwa kuchotsa timaganiza ndi kuchuluka.

Chotero chodabwitsa ndi mmene mafunde aliwonse, choncho angathe kuona chitsanzo cha phokoso tsiku ndi tsiku. phokoso kuchepetsa yoweyula adazindikira mwa khutu la munthu ngati kamvekedwe likutuluka. Choncho, pamene mbendera ya sitima kapena galimoto angamvele kutali, ndi m'munsi, ndipo ngati sitima adzapita zapitazi amatsata, ndipo simukulankhulanso pa phokoso lomwelo, kutalika kwake kudzakhala apamwamba pa nthawi yofikira, koma mwamsanga pamene iye anasolola maofesi msinkhu ndi sitima kazula, kamvekedwe mwadzidzidzi akutsikira m'munsimu ndipo kupitirizabe zolemba m'munsi.

Izi zotsatira relativistic chifukwa cha Agiriki kusintha analogi pafupipafupi pa wolandila ndi gwero poyenda ndi relativistic deceleration nthawi.

About nyese

Komanso, asayansi amakono ambiri kukambirana maginito monga zotsatira relativistic. Malinga ndi kutanthauzira izi, maginito si wodziimira thupi Chikhaliro cha chuma, si mtundu wa mawonetseredwe mu atomu kumunda. The maginito mu mawu a chiphunzitso cha relativity - kokha ndondomeko amene amapezeka mu malo padziko milandu mfundo chifukwa kufala kwa munda magetsi.

Okhulupirira chiphunzitso chimenechi amakhulupirira kuti ngati C (liwiro la kuwala zingalowe) anali wopandamalire, ndi kafalitsidwe liwiro ankachita kwambiri zikanakhala zopanda malire, choncho sangakhale ndi mawonetseredwe aliyense wa nyese.