Ndi msonkho ku Iguputo chiyani? misonkho History

tinamanga ndi kuteteza Egypt ndi chimodzi mwa yakale kwambiri mu dziko. Zakhala kwenikweni ofufuza. Kuwonjezera pa chikhalidwe wolemera, tinamanga ndi kuteteza Egypt ndi kulunjika yosiyanasiyana ya chuma. Monga mmodzi wa maonekedwe a dera lino kovuta mu mawonekedwe a ndalama olimba amodzi ndi ndalama. cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kuonetsetsa mosadodometsedwa minda ndi chuma malisiti. Ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kuchokera pa nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa State zimachokera mbiri ya misonkho. Tsopano tikambirana mmene angagwirire ndi kuwerengera.

mwachidule

misonkho History anayamba ndi chizindikiritso cha zinthu kovuta. Monga iwo anali m'dziko, mbewu ndi mankhwala ena ogwira ntchito yokonza. Chinthu kuwerengera anali kutolera misonkho mwachindunji. Mu Egypt pambuyo vutoli nthawi imachitika yoyeza. Anali kuchita tanthauzo kuyambirira misonkho tirigu. Wogwila ntchito ku Iguputo, kusonkhanitsa misonkho, zinali anthu mwakuthupi ndi udindo. Mu nkhani ya kulephera kupereka anakhazikitsa ponseponse wothandizila iye akanakhoza kuphedwa.

luso mlandu

Kumvetsa zimene msonkho ndi ku Iguputo, muyenera mutidziwe bwino njira imene ankagwiritsa ntchito kuchititsa lipotilo. Umisiri amasiyana mitundu kulembamo - ndi mtundu wa udindo ndi umwini. Zikatero, gumbwawo zinatchulidwa kuti dziko amakulitsa ndi zina munthu (woyenera, amene), tichipeza:

1. Chiwembu kukula.
2. The malamulo pa malo unit.
3. Onse kupeza ndalama.

Chiwerengerochi onse gumbwawo akusonyeza inki wofiira. zolemba zina ikukhudzana bwanji ndi zina umwini. Iwo anayamba ndi mawu akuti "gawo, gawo". zolemba izi zigwirizana manambala 3 zisathe. Woyamba anali wakuda, wina - wofiira:

1. Onse kukula kwa gawo.
2. Part zedi.
3. mlingo msonkho.

Yotsirizira anali okhazikika ndi kuliika ndipo anali miyeso 12/4 tirigu. Panali lina lomwe kusunga kaundula. Iwo inkakhala 2 kanjedza wakuda. Pankhaniyi, muyeso wa zinachitikadi m'madera a elbows (mayina ena - mu Arur). Magwero zilipo ofufuza ndi ovuta kuwamvetsa ndendende zili mbiri. Komabe, iwo ali conventionally amasonyeza kuti anthu ena a dziko imatengedwa uncultivated choncho phunziro kwa misonkho ayi.

Kulunjika wa inventories

Kuona kuti msonkho ku Iguputo, ayenera munanena kuti kusunga luso mbiri ndi chizindikiritso cha zizindikiro kudalira mankhwala chuma zinthu. Chifukwa chakuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana inali kutchulidwa zochuluka chomwecho mu gumbwawo panali mitundu yonse ya kulembetsa. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wamakono, izo zikanakhala zotheka kusunga akaundula payokha, malingana ndi mtundu wa mbiri. Komabe, popeza njira imeneyi sichinayambe ntchito, akatswiri anaganiza kuti mfundo kulamulira zachuma anachita. zinthu wake mu malo oyamba anali m'dziko ndi anthu chifukwa cha izo.

Amene in Ancient Egypt analipira msonkho?

Izi makamaka mwachita nzika payekha. Anthu amene ankapatsidwa olimapo, nthawi zonse anaziika. Ndi iwo, nawonso, kuti saleka misonkho. Komabe, izi zinachitika mu chimango cha Mipikisano mlingo dongosolo kulamulira zachuma. Alimi ena muzindikira chimene msonkho. Mu Egypt, mbewu kunachotsedwa mwezi usanathe kuyang'aniridwa zonse ochita chipikisheni. Ndiye lonse, mu uthunthu wake, napereka pa m'matangadza. Pambuyo pake, zokolola muyeso (kuchuluka kuposa mlingo wa yobereka) anabwerera ku alimi. Mtengo wake amadalira kukula m'dera ankachitira. Pa nkhani imeneyi, alimi anali kukhala pa yoyeza ndi kulumbira lumbiriro kuti muyeso wapangidwa ndi zoona. Mapira anali kuwapititsa ku malo chapakati. Pambuyo kuti kufala m'mafamu kuti inali akale Farao komanso. Gawo lirilonse liri ndi, ndithudi, n'komwe ndi anthu a udindo ndi ankalamulira. dongosolo yogawa zakonzedwa kuchita verifications, zikalata, ndi apamwamba mwagwirizana yachinsinsi. Onse milandu malamulo kusakhulupirika yomweyo analembedwa pa amtunduwu.

ziweto

Pofotokoza zimenezi msonkho ku Iguputo, sikutheka osanenapo wina chuma zofunika zakuthupi - ng'ombe. Nkhani kupulumuka bwinobwino, kaya pansi kovuta zinyalala, koma kalembera wa ulimi nyama ambiri mu dziko zinachitikadi pa zaka 2. Ng'ombe koyenera malo kumene kuwerengedwa. Kumeneko, cholinga kwa misonkho kuwasindikiza nyama. kulekana kwa ng'ombe unkachitika mu nkhani malingana ndi zolinga mitundu, zaka, ndi kupanga. Malinga inventories anapanga mndandanda Consolidated.

kalembera katundu

Iwo anali ikuchitika nthawi. Kalembera unali wofunika kwambiri mu dongosolo kulamulira. Choncho, mu zolemba zina, kutchula tsiku, anakambapo za iwo. Mwachitsanzo, amachita cholembedwa chotero: ". Patapita chaka chimodzi minda chiwiri ochuluka ndi golide" mndandanda msonkho wa katundu wamba anali kusonyeza wambiri ziweto, landings, komanso nyumba msonkho. Misonkho ankatchedwa ntchito. Mndandanda wa misonkho anasonkhana pa chuma anapanga, malinga ndi ofufuza, pa chitsanzo cha zolemba za tirigu. Mu chikalata limati chomwecho, ndi ngongole anthu amene anali zinthu. Nthawi ikuchitika kusonkhanitsa arrears. Kwa akuluakulu anapita ndi detachment cha alonda ndipo mwankhanza anachitira ndi amangawa a.

Kalembera anthu

Iwo anali ikuchitika zaka 15. mndandanda uli m'gulu la anthu, komanso katundu wawo. chisamaliro chachikulu nkhani mukadzayamba ntchito. Iye anayamba nawo chonse cha anthu pa malo awo a ntchito. Chikalata pa malo wakuti kwa sheya achifumu Management Bureau. Pambuyo zimene anachita kwa anthu ogwira ntchito oyang'anira phwando. Malinga ndi chikalata ichi, madongosolo nkhani pa atasankhidwa. Tiziganizira za mitu ya anthu. Kufufuza mbiri ogwira wodzilemekeza angayikire ntchito mphamvu. Kuti izi zinali mndandanda wa mayina. Iwo adzipangira zifukwa kulibe. Monga chochitira anazindikira mipingu mu akachisi, wogwila ntchito matenda kapena banja lake, komanso nsikidzi a chinkhanira.

mitundu ya misonkho

Ancient Farao analandira mapangidwe ubale chuma zochokera ntchito yokakamiza akapolo ndi nzika ufulu. Misonkho anali yaikulu:

• Apomoyra - gawo ndalama ndi mtundu (nkhani 1/6 zokolola).
• Tax mphesa.
• 5% ya ndalama kuchokera yobwereka cha malo.
• 10% ya mtengo wa mankhwala malonda.
• 2% pa wotuluka msika (kwa katundu / malangizo a katundu komanso).
• Apostolion - msonkho ulendo m'dzikoli.

Last umene pa anthuwo, atsogoleri, amisiri ndi anthu ena odutsa. Komanso opareshoni msonkho wapadera kulanda nthando, kusonkhanitsa zomwe zili zombo, madokotala, osambira, apolisi, boma ndi zina zotero.

okhawo

Iwo anali sizachilendo mu Iguputo. Mwachitsanzo, opareshoni okhawo on:

• kupanga ndi zipangizo (chitsulo miyala, fulakesi);
• kupanga (kumasulidwa amtunduwu, mafuta);
• chithandizo (imports);
• zachuma (mabungwe banki).

Unathandizira kukhonda okhawo. moyo wawo chifukwa eni likulu musati ndifulumire kuti aganyali chifukwa cha mlingo mkulu. Monga okhawo ndi mitundu anachita chifundo. Iye analamulanso. Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti ndalama asonkha amakhoma misonkho anatumizidwa ku thumba. Tax alimi analandira zinthu mwadongosolo processing awo, wolunjika, akhoza kuwapitirira amalonda ndi kuwatengera iwo amalipiritsa mosabisa.

lapansi

Iye wachita nthawi zonse, chinthu chachikulu kwa misonkho. Mbewu zinthu monga waukulu mankhwala katundu. Mwini linali dziko lakale Farao. Komabe, ziwembu akhoza anasamutsa mu malo a wamba, zinduna, akachisi. Mankhwalawa zinachitikadi mbali akapolo kapena alimi chomwecho. The mipukutu azipereka dziko gulu zambiri malinga ndi muyezo zosiyanasiyana:

• Misonkho.
• Mbewu.
• Mlingo wa ulimi wothirira.
• Order.
• Umwini.
• Quality.

Madera akhoza inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku gulu wina ndi mzake. Zimenezi kwenikweni anakonza zikalata. Zofunikira zokolola anali kufufuzidwa ndi ntchito yapadera malinga ndi kayesedwe gawo. Amagwiritsidwanso kusungidwa mu chikalata osiyana ndi zisindikizo. Amachita mu mabuku awiri. Kwa ena Magulu a misonkho anthu si anayambitsa. Makamaka, iwo ali osachita oweruza ndi clerks.