Ndi mitundu iti yomwe ili ndi selo limodzi? Zitsanzo, magawo

Nyama ndi zomera zomwe timakumana nazo tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zamoyo zambiri. Komabe, palinso microcosm, kumene zolengedwa zosawoneka zimakhala m'maso mwathu. Nthawi zina zimakhala ndi selo limodzi. Choncho, amatha kuwona kokha pansi pa microscope. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingasiyanitsidwe ndi zamoyo zam'thupi?

Kapangidwe ka selo: ndondomeko ya selo yeniyeni yomwe imakhala yotchedwa prokaryotic ndi eukaryotic

Zamoyo zamoyo zingakhale zowona kapena ma multicellular, eukaryotic kapena prokaryotic. Gulu lirilonse liri ndi zochitika zake zokhazokha mu zomangamanga, thupi, biochemistry. Kodi zizindikiro za selo ya prokaryotic ndi ziti? Choyamba, ichi ndicho kuphweka kwa bungwe. Maselo a mtundu uwu alibe phokoso, ndipo chidziwitso cha majini chiri mu DNA. Ndipo mu mawonekedwe awa "amayandama" mu cytoplasm. Chinthu chinanso chosonyeza kuti maselo amenewa sakhala ndi organelles. Ntchito zawo zimaloŵerera m'malo mwa maseŵero a cytoplasmic membrane, omwe amatchedwa mesosomes. Nthaŵi zambiri, amakhala ndi kupuma kapena photosynthesis.

Mu maselo a prokaryotic , zipangizo zam'mwamba zimakhala zovuta, chifukwa zimayimilidwa ndi zigawo zingapo. Choyamba mwa izi - chimbudzi chotchedwa cytoplasmic membrane - chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri potengera zinthu pakati pa selo ndi chilengedwe. CPM imaimiridwa ndi bilipid wosanjikiza momwe mapuloteni osiyanasiyana amakhazikika. Komanso, selo ya prokaryotic imaphimbidwa ndi nembanemba yomwe imakhala ndi chitetezo komanso chosinthika. Mzere wachiwiri umalepheretsa kulowa mkati mwa zinthu zoopsa. Zimateteza zotsatira za zinthu zovulaza, ngakhale kuti chipolopolochi chili ndi malire ake.

Mzere womaliza wa chipangizo cha pamwamba sungakhalepo nthawizonse. Ndi chivundikiro chochepa. Choyamba, zimathandiza selo kuyenda, kuchepetsa kukangana. Chachiwiri, chivundikiro cha mucous chili ndi mankhwala ogulitsidwa ndi maselo. Zinthuzi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna chitetezo kapena, mofananamo, kuti ziwononge ovutitsidwawo. Zamoyo zonse zotchedwa prokaryotic zili ndi selo limodzi. Izi zikuphatikizapo, poyamba, mabakiteriya.

Mbali za eukaryotini

Maselo a eukaryotic amasiyana mosiyana ndi machitidwe awo. Iwo ali ndi maumbidwe ambiri ndi zomangamanga, ndipo njira zambiri zamagetsi zimayambitsa kukhalapo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya michere ndi mapangidwe. Kodi selo yamoyo ya eukaryotes ndi chiyani? Mu mawonekedwe ake, zinthu izi zikudziwika:

• Chimake.
• Organelle ndi cytoplasm.
• Membrane ndi cytoskeleton.

Pakati pake pali chigawo chapakati cha selo iliyonse ya eukaryoti imene imasungidwa. Lili ndi ma chromosomes ndi nucleoli. Iwo ali ndi udindo wotsogolera ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chidziwitso cha majini. Zina mwa organelles, maselo ali kutali:

1. Zipangizo ziwiri za membrane (mitochondria ndi plastids).
2. Mapangidwe amodzi okha (majekisomu, opangira Golgi, mapuloteni otchedwa reticulum, vacuoles, peroxisomes, etc.).
3. Zopanda maselo (ribosomes, cytoskeleton).

Nthano ya eukaryotso imakhala yofanana ndi ya prokaryotes. Komabe, amasiyanitsidwa ndi bungwe lovuta kwambiri. Selo la eukaryoti liri ndi mbali, zomwe zimatchedwa zipinda. Kachitidwe kameneka kamakhala kosavuta kayendetsedwe kake ka zamoyo, popeza selo ligawidwa muzipinda zosiyanasiyana.

Ojambula - magulu a eukaryotic osakaniza

Pakati pa mitundu yonse ya eukaryotic, imene ifeyo tiri nayo, palibenso zooneka kwa zolengedwa za diso. Iwo amatchedwa ojambula. Iwo amapanga ufumu wosiyana mu systematics. Ojambula onse ali ndi selo limodzi, kotero kukula kwake sikudutsa ma 250 microns. Iwo amagawidwa m'magulu angapo, omwe ndi osiyana, a flagellate, ndi a infusoria.

Mtundu wa Sarcode

Izi zikuphatikizapo amoeba, yomwe ili ndi selo limodzi. Zamoyo zimenezi zimakhala mumtunda, madzi amchere kapena amchere. Thupi lawo liribe mawonekedwe okhazikika, omwe amawalola kuti apange zomwe zimatchedwa miyendo, zomwe ojambulawa amagwiritsa ntchito chakudya chawo.

Mtundu wa Flagellate

Olemba zizindikiro adalandira dzina lawo chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa flagella kumapeto kwa thupi. Amalola maselo amenewa kusuntha msanga. Izi zimapangitsa kuti azisaka azikhala abwino kwambiri. Pakati pawo, chiŵerengero chachikulu cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timakhala tambirimbiri timachoka. Thupi la zolengedwa zotere limakhala ndi mawonekedwe a nthawi zonse chifukwa cha maselo a thukuta.

Mtundu wa Infusoria

Infusoria ili ndi selo limodzi. Ngakhale zili choncho, iwo amalingalira kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha kwambiri. Panali ngakhale chiphunzitso cha kupanga mapangidwe a zinyama zamitundu, malinga ndi zomwe zinachokera kwa anthu osokoneza bongo. Zamoyo zimenezi zili ndi khoma lamdima. Ali ndi nthenda ziwiri mu cytoplasm: generative, yomwe imalamulira kubereka, ndi vegetative, yomwe imayambitsa njira zofunika. Mbalame yonseyi ili ndi cilia. Zakudya zamagetsi zimachotsedwa pamphuno yapadera - ufa.

Maselo aumunthu: mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zomangamanga

Thupi lathu ndi mapangidwe ambiri, omwe maselo ali ogwirizana. Amapereka uthenga pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zozindikiritsa. Maonekedwe, mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe, omwe amasiyana wina ndi mzake amagwira ntchito komanso amakhalidwe abwino.

Kodi selo laumunthu liri ndi chiyani? Ngati tiganizira maselo a thupi lililonse, ndiye kuti ali ndi zizindikiro zonse za eukaryolothi: nucleus, organelles, cytoskeleton, kuphweka kwa bungwe la kagayidwe kake. Komabe, pakati pawo mukhoza kupeza zosiyana, zomwe zimapereka chodabwitsa cha izi kapena nsalu.

Mwachitsanzo, maselo ofiira a magazi alibe malo. Izi zimawathandiza kuti amange oksijeni kapena carbon dioxide. Ovum akhoza kufika 0.12-0.15 masentimita awiri, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri ngakhale khungu la eukaryotic. Manunoni a anthu ali ndi makhalidwe awoawo. Amapanga zozizwitsa zambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi maulendo ochepa omwe amawotcha nsomba komanso aatali.