Selo pamwamba wagawo: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

Pamwamba wagawo selo ndi subsystem konsekonse. Izo zimatengera malire pakati pa chilengedwe kunja ndi cytoplasm. Pak amatipatsa malamulo a mogwirizana awo. Kenaka ganizirani peculiarities wa bungwe structural-zinchito za zida khungu pamwamba.

zigawo

Mukuzidziwa izi kwa chipangizo pamwamba maselo eukaryotic: madzi a m'magazi Kakhungu, nadmembranny ndi submemranny maofesi. Woyamba akuimira mu mawonekedwe a chatsekedwa mchitidwe ozungulira. Plasmolemma ankaona msana wa padziko unit selo. Nadmembranny zovuta (limatchedwanso glycocalyx) - ndi membala akunja oyenerera pa Kakhungu plasma. Amakhala zofunikila zosiyanasiyana. Makamaka, kuphatikizapo:

1. The zimam'patsa gawo la glycoproteins ndi glycolipids.
2. Nembanemba mapuloteni zotumphukira.
3. chakudya yeniyeni.
4. Poluintegralnye ndi mapuloteni yofunika.

Submembranny zovuta ili ku plasmolemma. Amakhala akutali dongosolo thandizo-contractile ndi hyaloplasm zotumphukira.

Zochitika submembrannogo zovuta

Poganizira Kapangidwe ka zida za padziko khungu, zimatengera tione osiyana pa hyaloplasm zotumphukira. Ndi apadera cytoplasmic gawo ndi ili pamwamba plasmolemma. Zotumphukira hyaloplasm ankayimiridwa ngati kwambiri kusiyanitsidwa sakanikira madzi mankhwala. Lili zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu mkulu ndi otsika maselo kulemera mu njira. Ndipotu, ndi microenvironment imene otaya-yeniyeni ndi kagayidwe kachakudya ambiri njira. Zotumphukira hyaloplasm amatipatsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito padziko makina.

Minofu ndi mafupa dongosolo contractile

Iwo lili hyaloplasm zotumphukira. The akuthandiza-contractile dongosolo kumasulidwa:

1. Microfibrils.
2. fibrils chigoba (wapakatikati filament).
3. Microtubules.

Microfibrils nyumba filamentous. fibrils chigoba anapanga ndi polymerization angapo a zedi. chiwerengero chawo ndi kutalika kumalamuliridwa ndi makonzedwe apadera. Pamene kusintha anomalies uka ntchito yotere. Kutali kwambiri microtubules plasmalemma. Makoma awo anapanga tubulins mapuloteni.

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya wagawo selo pamwamba

Kagayidwe imagwiridwa ndi anthu ndi njira zina zamayendedwe. Kapangidwe ka khungu pamwamba wagawo kumapangitsa kuyenda kwa mankhwala ndi njira zingapo. Makamaka, mitundu zoyendera zotsatirazi:

1. Zambiri mayamwidwe.
2. Chabe zoyendera.
3. Yogwira kuyenda.
4. Cytosis (kuwombola Kakhungu mu phukusi).

Kuwonjezera zoyendera anaulula mbali pamwamba ngati zida selo, monga:

1. Chotchinga (kugawa).
2. Cholandilira.
3. Chiphaso.
4. Ntchito foni kayendedwe maphunziro nzeru zapamwamba, pseudo- ndi lamellipodia.

ufulu kayendedwe

Zambiri mayamwidwe mwa selo pamwamba wagawo ikuchitika yekha pamaso pa mbali zonse za Kakhungu masinthidwe amtundu magetsi. kukula kwake Mzimuyo liwiro ndi malangizo kuyenda. Bilipidny wosanjikiza akhoza kudumphitsa aliwonse hydrophobic molekyulu. Komabe, ambiri biologically zinthu yogwira ndi hydrophilic. Choncho, kayendedwe ufulu wawo kovuta.

zoyendera chabe

Mtundu wa pawiri zoyenda amatchedwanso ntchito mayamwidwe. Iwo anagwiritsanso mwa maselo pamwamba wagawo pamaso pa masinthidwe amtundu ndipo popanda mowa ATP. zoyendera chabe uli wachangu kuposera ufulu. Mu ndondomeko ya kukula kusiyana mu ndende masinthidwe amtundu akubwera mfundo imene liwiro avundulidwe amakhala nthawi zonse.

zonyamulira

Transport mwa zida pamwamba pa khungu amaperekedwa ndi tinthu wapadera. Ndi zamoyo zina izi ndi ndende masinthidwe amtundu ndi tinthu yaikulu ya mtundu hydrophilic (amino zidulo, makamaka). Pamwamba zida maselo eukaryotic monga zamoyo zina zosiyanasiyana za ayoni chabe: K +, Na +, Ca +, Cl-, HCO3-. Izi mamolekyulu yeniyeni yodziwika ndi selectivity mkulu zinthu kusamutsidwa. Komanso, mbali yofunika ndi kuyenda awo aakulu liwiro. Iwo akhoza kufika mamolekyulu 104 kapena kuposa pa mphindi.

zoyendera yogwira

Iwo amakhala ndi kusuntha zinthu ndi masinthidwe amtundu wa. Mamolekyulu ndi kuwapititsa ku dera la ndende otsika mu zigawo za apamwamba. kayendedwe umenewu umafuna ndalama zina za ATP. Kukhazikitsa mayendedwe yogwira mu dongosolo la padziko zida selo nyama zikuphatikizapo zamoyo zina zenizeni. Iwo ali kutchedwa "mapampu" kapena "mapampu". Ambiri mwa zamoyo zina izi zimasiyana ATPase ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuti akhoza kugwetsa adenosine triphosphate ndi kuchotsa mphamvu unathandiza. zoyendera yogwira chimathandiza chilengedwe cha gradients ion.

cytosis

Njira ntchito kusuntha particles zinthu zosiyana kapena mamolekyulu zikuluzikulu. Pa cytosis kusamutsidwa mchitidwe wazunguliridwa ndi Kakhungu vesicle. Ngati gululi ndi mu khola, ndiye amatchedwa endocytosis. Choncho, zosiyana amatchedwa exocytosis. Mu ena maselo zinthu kudutsa. Mtundu zoyendera amatchedwa transcytosis kapena diatsiozom.

cytolemma

Kapangidwe ka zida selo pamwamba chikuphatikizapo plasma Kakhungu anapanga makamaka lipids ndi mapuloteni mu chiŵerengero pafupifupi 1: 1. Woyamba "Sandwich chitsanzo" cha mchitidwe anali akufuna mu 1935 Mogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso, maziko plasmolemma kupanga zamadzimadzi mamolekyulu anakonza mu zigawo ziwiri (wosanjikiza bilipidny). Anatembenuka michira yawo (hydrophobic m'madera) wina ndi mzake, ndi kunja ndi mkati - mitu hydrophilic. pamalo awa TACHIMATA ndi wosanjikiza bilipidnogo zedi. chitsanzo ichi chakhala anatsimikizira mu 50s m'ma zotukwana maphunziro ultrastructural imachitika ntchito elekitironi maso. Zakhala makamaka anapeza kuti unit pamwamba zizindikiro zitatu maselo nyama Kakhungu. wochindikala ndi 7.5-11 nm. Ndi pano pafupifupi kuwala ndi awiri mdima wosanjikiza zotumphukira. Woyamba unali wolingana ndi dera hydrophobic la tinthu zamadzimadzi. mbali mdima nayenso, kuimira olimba pamwamba zigawo mapuloteni ndi hydrophilic mutu.

ziphunzitso zina

A zosiyanasiyana kuphunzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana za tosaoneka Imachitika mu mochedwa 50 - oyambirira 60 ntchentche. Iwo ananena kwa padziko lonse gulu la zitatu wosanjikiza Kakhungu. Izi zimaonekera mchiphunzitso cha J. Robertson. Potero, mwa mapeto a 60s lapansi. Ine anasonkhanitsa kwambiri mfundo zimene zafotokozedwa mu nkhani za alipo "chitsanzo sangweji". Izi linapereka kuti chitukuko cha ziwembu latsopano limene panalinso chitsanzo zochokera pamaso pa hydrophobic-hydrophilic binder mapuloteni ndi zamadzimadzi mamolekyulu. Mwa mmodzi wa iwo anali chiphunzitso cha "lipoprotein pamanja." Malinga ndi izo, wopangidwa mwa mapuloteni Kakhungu pano mitundu iwiri: yofunika ndi zotumphukira. Recent adzamangidwa ankachita electrostatic ndi mitu kumalo ozizira pa mamolekyulu ndi zamadzimadzi. Komabe, iwo sananene konse kupanga wosanjikiza mosalekeza. A mbali yaikulu pa mapangidwe Kakhungu uli mapuloteni globular. Iwo amizidwa kuti mwina anatchula poluintegralnymi. Kupita mapuloteni izi ikuchitika mu gawo madzi a zamadzimadzi lapansi. Izi zipangitsa lability, ndi mphamvu ya dongosolo lonse Kakhungu. Panopa chitsanzo ichi akuti ndi ambiri.

lipids

Kiyi thupi ndi mankhwala makhalidwe a wosanjikiza Kakhungu Amawapatsa, zinthu zasonyezedwa - phospholipids ongokhala nonpolar (hydrophobic) mchira ndi kumalo ozizira (hydrophilic) mutu. Ambiri a iwo amaonedwa phosphoglycerides ndi sphingolipids. cholinga Recent makamaka monolayer lakunja. Ali ndi kugwirizana kwa unyolo oligosaccharide. Chifukwa chakuti kulumikizana kudzalamulira lakunja gawo plasmolemma, izo amapeza ndi mawonekedwe asymmetrical. Glycolipids mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kukhazikitsa ntchito chipangizo pamwamba cholandilira. Monga mbali ya ambiri Kakhungu ndilo mafuta (mafuta) - steroid zamadzimadzi. chiwerengero chake ndicho zosiyanasiyana makamaka anatsimikiza mtima Kakhungu madzi. The mafuta kwambiri, ndi pamwamba. mlingo madzi chimadaliranso chiŵerengero cha zatsalira unsaturated ndi zimalimbikitsa mafuta acid. Ena a iwo, kotero pamwamba. Phula bwanji ntchito michere mu Kakhungu lapansi.

mapulotini

Lipids anatsimikiza makamaka katundu chotchinga. Mapuloteni, mosiyana, zimathandiza kuti kukhazikitsa kiyi ntchito za selo. Makamaka, ankalamulira zoyendera mankhwala, kagayidwe lamulo, phwando ndi zina zotero. zedi amafalitsidwa mu bilayer zamadzimadzi zithunzi ndi. Iwo ikhoza kusunthidwa mkati. kayendedwe uno umalamulidwa, zikuoneka, selo yokha. Limagwirira zoyendera nawo microfilaments. Iwo amagwira kwa mapuloteni munthu yofunika. Zinthu Kakhungu zosiyana malingana ndi malo anu poyerekezera wosanjikiza bilipidnomu. Mapuloteni choncho angathe zotumphukira ndi yofunika. Wosanjikiza woyamba isanafalikire. Iwo ndi kugwirizana tenuous ndi pamwamba Kakhungu. mapulotini yofunika kwathunthu kumizidwa mu izo. Ali ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu ndi lipids ndi wosiyana Kakhungu popanda kuwononga wosanjikiza bilipidnogo. Mapulotini kudutsa mu izo, wotchedwa transmembrane. Zimachitika pakati mapuloteni ndi zamadzimadzi mamolekyulu zachilengedwe osiyanasiyana plasmalemma bata.

glycocalyx

Lipoproteins ndi unyolo mbali. Mamolekyulu oligosaccharide akhoza kumumanga kuti lipids ndi glycolipids mawonekedwe. zimam'patsa awo gawo pamodzi ndi zinthu zofanana Ufumuyo Cell pamwamba glycoproteins mlandu zoipa ndi kupanga maziko a glycocalyx. Iye anapereka ndi wosanjikiza lotayirira zolimbitsa elekitironi osalimba. Glycocalyx kuphimba akunja gawo plasmolemma. zimam'patsa ake mbali atsogolere kuzindikira maselo ndi zinthu therebetween wapafupi ndipo amatipatsanso zomatira kugwirizana nazo. The glycocalyx komanso gitosovmestimosti pano ndi maselo timadzi, michere.

Komanso

maselo nembanemba ali makamaka ankaimira glycoproteins. Iwo angathe kukhazikitsa kulankhulana ndi ligands kwambiri yeniyeni. Zolandilira pano mu nembanemba, kuwonjezera, akhoza zonse kayendedwe ka tinthu tina mu permeability selo nembanemba plasma. Iwo amatha kutembenuza chizindikiro kwa chilengedwe ku mkati, zinthu kumangako wa masanjidwewo extracellular ndi cytoskeleton. Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti zikuchokera glycocalyx ndi mulinso mamolekyulu poluintegralnye mapuloteni. madera awo zinchito zili m'dera la padziko zida selo nadmembrannoy.