Ndi mavuto-wokwera Nanga njira zothetsera izo

Mu zachuma, vuto ufulu-wokwera zimachitika ngati anthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito chuma, katundu, musati mupereke kwa iwo. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti chiwerengero chawo amachepetsa. ena onse ndi kulipira iwo kwambiri. Ngati chiwerengero cha stowaways akuchulukirachulukira, n'zotheka kuti kupanga bwino mabasi kwathunthu. funso ndicho mmene kuchepetsa frirayderstvo ndi mavuto obwera chifukwa cha izo. ufulu wokwera vuto n'lakuti pamene katundu ufulu osati zodziwika bwino ndi bwino malamulo.

mwachidule

Pamene munthu safuna kugula tikiti, ndipo akukwera ku ntchito, zilibe kumabweretsa mavuto aliwonse chuma. Choncho adzapulumutsa mbali ina ya ndalama. Koma bwanji ngati inu kuyamba kuchita zambiri? Chifukwa ndi zimene kulipiridwa ntchito ya dalaivala, kukonza ndi kugula mabasi latsopano? Ambiri mwina, mwini adzayesa kulimbikitsa ulamuliro ndi kuwonjezeka chilango. Ngati tikiti kuti kugula anthu ambiri sadzakhala n'kotheka, njira zidzatsekedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anakhudzidwa osati okhawo amene sanalabadire, komanso nzika zabwino ndithu.

Makamaka wamba ufulu-wokwera vuto kufalitsidwa kwa katundu anthu. Izo zimachitika ngati malipiro a iwo tikuchita. A mfundo zofanana ntchito mu chiphunzitso kukambirana, malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika, kuwerenga maganizo ndi sayansi ndale. Mwachitsanzo, mamembala ena a gulu akhoza kuyamba zochepa anaika, ngati iwo amakhulupirira kuti freeriders. Nkhani yofanana ikutuluka pamaso pa mokondera anthu ogwira ncthito. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi chitetezo ndalama. Munthu sangathe kulipira misonkho, koma angayembekezere mlingo wofanana wa chitetezo ngati anthu ena.

Ngati mfundo zachuma

Ngati tiyenda pachimene ndi mavuto-wokwera, umunthu yake mwachidule pa choona kuti pali gulu lina la anthu amene amapindula ndi ntchito katundu, koma kulipira iwo. Zimenezi zimabweretsa underproduction. Izi ndi chifukwa inefficiency wa Pareto. zotsatira Free-wokwera zimaonekera m'matangadza gwero zimene zafala katundu, chifukwa mu zikutha m'mayiko awo mofulumira. kovuta kugawira madalitso amenewa mwachilungamo, chifukwa kasamalidwe alibe zofunika. Ngati tipempha anthu mmene kuunikira mtengo awo, nawonso kuderera ake. Komanso, Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa katundu anthu, zimakhala zovuta kuti achotse ku defaulters lapansi. Ngati anthu ambiri kuyamba kuonera ndi freeriding, ndiye kenako nthawi idzafika pamene dongosolo kapena utumiki kusiya ntchito chifukwa chosowa ndalama.

Mafunso Research

Kodi tanthauzo la vuto freerider (freerider, ndi kalulu, ndi defaulter) mwachangu akuyendayenda akatswiri a anthu zachuma gawo. Part nzika kuti kuzemba misonkho, zikhale zovuta kwambiri alipo ena alionse. Nkhani imeneyi Amakonda Wicksell, Lindahl ndi Musgrave. m'dera lawo chidwi chinali dera kwa misonkho ogwira. vuto chimenechi chinkhoswe akatswiri mu malonda, mgwirizano wa mayiko a zachuma, chiphunzitso mayanjano kusakanikirana, zoteteza chilengedwe. Komabe freeriding wodzipereka bwino mabuku dziko. Ambiri a mabuku pa nkhani imeneyi zogwirizana ndi chuma mthunzi.

chithunzi freerider

ufulu wokwera vuto lili zotsatira izi:

• underproduction katundu anthu;
• akuchuluka khalidwe lawo;
• kwambiri zikutha m'mayiko zina zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu onse.

Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga ndi "tsoka ammudzi." Kumachitika pamene gulu la chidutswa akutali a dziko. Ngati mulibe malangizo kapena kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ng'ombe zinkapezeka, posachedwapa sangathe ntchito limodzi.

Komabe freerider - izo si munthu amene sizikupanga kuchuluka kwa ndalama kuti athandize kuwawononga. vuto, ndipo pamene zilibe kulipira m'njira zina. Mwachitsanzo, mu usilikali, makonzedwe a misonkhano kapena zomveka nawo ntchito apamwamba, mumve. zochita Freerider otsutsana ndi koyenela, chikhalidwe ndiponso malamulo a pagulu khalidwe la malamulo ndi mayiko. Nthawi zambiri khalidwe ndi nzika sadziwa. Ndipo ali kungasokoneze owerenga ena onse a zaboma zabwino. vuto Free-wokwera chokhudzana ndi nkhani ya chilungamo chikhalidwe.

chizindikiritso cha ufulu atakwera

Kudziwa freerider, muyenera kudziwa kuti kuli phindu. Stowaway zoyendera zingathe mwadala zolipira kuyenda ndi kuiwala kuti achite izo. Choncho, m'pofunika kusiyanitsa ndi freerider ndi phunziro sadziwa kufunika kulipira. Yotsirizira sangathe kumvetsa kuti amadya wabwino pagulu. Free-wokwera vuto la chizindikiritso amaganizira mofulumira kusintha masiku ano. katundu ambiri pagulu yodziwika ndi dongosolo m'malo ovuta. Choncho zimakhala zovuta kudziwa zomwe kugwirizana anayamba kuwonekera freeriders.

Vuto la underestimation katundu anthu

Ngati mudzapempha munthu ngati iye anapereka zokwanira, mosakayikira kuyankha funso ili mu negative. Komabe, nthawi zambiri amakonda kuchepetsa ntchito ya ena. Iwo ubwera ndi katundu anthu. kupanga awo nthawi zambiri pang'ono ndalama ndi boma. Komanso, zimavuta pasadakhale kuganizira ndalama zonse, choncho anthu mtengo wabwino akhoza adatchithisira.

Zimayambitsa stowaways

Nthawi zambiri, freeriding - kusankha amazindikira ndi udindo mu moyo. Anthu akhoza kuziona ngati zabwino anthu, nayikapo zosafunika. Ndi zotheka vuto pamene sanakhutire ndi ubwino wake. Chifukwa china ndi ndalama zochepa za anthu. Pankhaniyi, anthu kufunafuna njira kupewa zina ndalama ndi ndalama mu njira iyi. Komabe, ngati stowaways ndi chifukwa khalidwe osauka a utumiki, momwe angathe bwino ngati pali vuto la ndalama aakulu chifukwa iwo? Ndi uzingopitirira.

Pofuna kuthetsa, muyenera kusintha limagwirira zachuma kwambiri pa chilengedwe cha katundu anthu, ndalama ndi katundu wake. Akatswiri ambiri amaona zofunika kusintha awo mu katundu ntchito. Part andale amayimira kuyimitsidwa zosakhalitsa, mwachitsanzo, madzi, mpweya, magetsi sanali opereka. Komabe, zimenezi zimafuna wogwira mtima malamulo chimango.

Freerider m'gululi

mtundu umodzi wa mavuto-wokwera ndi ntchito oipa amalonda malo abwino analengedwa ndi amalonda ena. Freeriding kumachitika pamene munthu akugwira ntchito mu "amati" a mtundu makamaka, koma zopereka aliyense chifaniziro chake positive. Chitsanzo china akhoza kukhala yapamwamba yunivesite kucheza pulofesa amene si kuchita zinthu sayansi. Iwo amakonda ubwino ntchito yake, koma amathandiza kuti Dipatimenti ya kusanja kuti ikutha. Komanso amaperekedwa ndi soloist wa Bolshoi Theatre, osati kuwonjezera luso lawo. Iye yekha ukugwira "chizindikiro," ndipo safuna zopereka aliyense m'tsogolo bungwe. A vuto zingachitikire mu mgwirizano malonda kapena bungwe lina lirilonse. Kuti athetse vutoli, makampani ambiri alibe lakuti chilolezo maziko zonse ntchito. Kotero iwo akhoza kuchepetsa ubwino wa misonkhano ogulitsa.

Pali freeriding ndi m'gululi. Zikuoneka pamene gulu la anthu ndi mwayi kupewa ntchito zawo. Kuthetsa makampani ndi kukonzanso. Kukhazikitsa ntchito ayenera kuchitidwa ulamuliro wogwira. Tikumbukenso kuti ikuluikulu gulu, m'pamenenso ayamba kuima ufulu-wokwera vuto. Ndipo akhoza inadzudzula kokha kupyolera mu kuwunika bwino wina wantchito. Nthawi zambiri pa kudziwika freeriders ndalama si ofunika zotsatira chifukwa.

zotuluka zotheka

Anakonza ufulu-wokwera vuto ndi ntchito wa boma. Boma amayenera mosavomerezeka malamulo komanso njira kwa malamulo awo. Nthawi zambiri, boma ntchito miyeso kuteteza kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndiponso ntchito kwambiri chuma. Zikuphatikizapo oyamba a misonkho yosiyanasiyana ndi kulimbikitsa zopereka. Ndi zotheka kuti zabwino pagulu n'kukhala katundu payekha.

kuchita

Mu Russia, free-wokwera vuto zitsanzo za amene angapezeke mu madera onse a maubale, sizachilendo. Udindo wa boma nthawi zonse kuwonjezera chuma cha dziko. Mbidzi osati kuonetsetsa ntchito wabwinobwino wa asilikali msika, komanso kuchepetsa mavuto umoyo ndi zachuma.

Komabe, kufunika kwa boma monga yang'anira ndi ndithu kusamvetsetsana. Yaitali zingakhale ndi imfa kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ulimi wa anthu ubwino boma operekedwa ndi misonkho. Ndipo mderali makamaka zofala, monga taonera, vuto la ufulu, atakwera. Choncho, apa ndi zofunika bwino pakati pa udindo wa boma ndi gulu zochita za magulu a anthu. kuphatikizidwa boma zotheka ndithu kulenga otchedwa katundu oyera onse, koma kupanga wosakaniza bwino wake kuchepetsa.