N'chifukwa chiyani udindo wa Sevastopol? Mbiri ya Sevastopol. Sevastopol udindo mu USSR

Kuchokera Greek Sevastopol amatanthauza "mzinda wotchuka". mderali omwe katswiri zaka zambiri zapitazo. Choncho, ngakhale zaka mazana asanu Chikhristu chisanayambe panali Chigiriki - mzinda wotchuka wa Hersonissos. Kusankha malo awa chifukwa zinthu izi: pa Black Sea gombe kupeza Bay yabwino.

pofuna

zaka zana ndi khumi pamaso yathu ino zinali zodzaza ndi kulowa kwa Chersonesus m'chigawo Pontic-Bosporan, ndiyeno anakhala mbali ya maufumu lalikulu - Aroma. Pambuyo kugwa kwa mzinda kunabwera mu phiko la Byzantium. Hersonissos posakhalitsa zinali mizati Byzantine akuimira pakati ulamuliro pa Black Sea gombe. Mofulumira Kutacha zamalonda ndi mafakitale. akalonga Russian kumva za Hersonissos, kumbuyo pamene icho chinali kutchedwa Korsun (IX-XIII CC.).

Mu zaka khumi-chakhumi ndi chisanu za mbiri ya Sevastopol wafika kusintha latsopano: mzindawo unawonongedwa ndi Turkey ndi anataya tanthauzo lake, chifukwa anali si chidwi olamulira latsopano. Mizinda Port sanali utsogoleri malo, ndipo malo awo anatengedwa ndi midzi pakati pachilumbachi. Choncho, Bakhchisaray analandira udindo wa likulu la khans, za zinthu zofunika kwambiri zinali dera limeneli limatchedwa-mzikiti (kuchokera 1748 mu Simferopol) ndi Karasubazar. Onse a iwo anali kutali ndi nyanja.

kusintha zonse

Kenako, Crimea mbali ya Russian Ufumu. Mu 1783 Catherine II analamula kumanga mudzi ndi malo a mudzi Akhtiar, yomwe ili pafupi ndi mabwinja a Korsun (Chersonese).

N'chifukwa chiyani udindo wa Sevastopol? mfundo ndi yakuti kuyambira chiyambi chake wachita yofunika pa maziko onse yaikulu ya Black Sea zombo. mzinda nthawizonse wakhala ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu zankhondo ndiponso zandale.

zaka zinayi pambuyo mapangidwe udindo wa Sevastopol potsiriza mizu mzinda anayamba kuimira doko panyanja ziwalo zake m'madipatimenti yapachiweniweni makonzedwe anatitumiza Crimea. Choncho, 1767 panali kulekana kwa mzinda wa Taurian m'dera ndi kaŵelengedwe ake madoko panyanja kwambiri m'dziko. Mbiri ya Sevastopol ali ndi mfundo yatsopano: anakwatirayo kugonjera ndi mtima wonse St. Petersburg nakhala utsogoleri chigawo osiyana. mzinda wolamulira makonzedwe panyanja. Mwachibadwa, anali kutumikiridwa ku St. Petersburg.

Twente-wachitatu mu February 1804, Mfumu Alexander I inakhazikitsa lamulo udindo wapadera wa Sevastopol monga doko chachikulu panyanja. Pankhaniyi, ndi zombo yosavuta wamalonda ankaletsedwanso kuloŵamo. Kuchotserapo anali kokha kulekerera bwalo tsoka. Pambuyo kukonza ankafunika yomweyo kusiya doko.

Thirtieth wa April 1809 waperekedwa udindo wa mzinda. Sevastopol anakhala komanso wolimba yaikulu ya Black Sea. Popeza mofanana dziko kukweza mbendera mu Viborg, Kronstadt ndi Sveavorg.

chiwonongeko woipitsitsawu

Mu 1853, inayamba Crimea nkhondo. Adani anali woterowu Sevastopol - mzinda wa oyendetsa - pa masiku mazana atatu ndi makumi asanu ndi anayi. Chifukwa, izo chasanduka mu bwinja ndipo ndi izo - ndi lonse Black Sea zombo (izo kumizidwa mu kuukira madongosolo a asilikali Nakhimov). Mu 1856, Crimea nkhondo zinatha. Mtendere wa Paris yosainidwa. Malinga ndi chikalatacho, Russia kamodzinso choletsedwa bungwe zombo mu Sevastopol. Mpaka 1871 anali tauni ndi miyambo msika siteshoni. Pambuyo kulipira pamwamba pangano lonse Alexander Wachiwiri anabwezeretsa udindo wa Sevastopol monga chapakati panyanja doko la ufumu pa Nyanja Black. 1875 zinali zodzaza ndi kumanga maulendo sitima polumikiza Sevastopol ku St. Petersburg ndi Moscow. Mu 1891, ntchitoyi inatha Vladimir Mpingo, ndipo patatha chaka anadza anapeza Chersonesos owonetsera zakale. Choncho, ndi 1894, mumzinda wabwezeretsedwa kwathunthu mthupi mwawo. Naval m'munsi mwa Sevastopol anapezanso kufunika kwake kale. M'matangadza admiralty si kanthu: panali yomanga Zombo Zankhondo za magulu osiyanasiyana (ngakhale Nkhondo).

kusiyana

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti malaya wapadera wa manja anali kulandila Sevastopol. chachikulu zimasiyanitsa Maonekedwe ake anali bwino kwambiri m'dziko. Palibe mzinda, zigawo kapena dera chizindikiro sanathe kudzitama. Kotero, anaoneka mu chikopa chofiira (monga likulu), kumbuyo kwake - awiri anawoloka anangula golide mtundu (monga mizinda yonse yaikulu doko Mwachitsanzo, mu St. Petersburg). Monga chizindikiro anasankhidwa Griffin - ngati Nyumba ya Romanov, koma osati wofiira pa munda siliva, koma m'malo mwake, kuti ukuimiliridwa mbiri yakale osati generic, kwachilengedwenso kapena dynastic motsatizana. Ichi ndi chitsimikizo cha zinthu asilikali mbiri ya mzinda.

Ndiye n'chifukwa udindo wapadera wa Sevastopol, ngakhale ngakhale kuti iye ankaona mphamvu ya kalasi lachitatu? Ndipotu, iye sanali kukhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira mungawonjezerere! Ngakhale mpanda si olemera ndi zipangizo luso kwa Russia Sevastopol (mzinda lalikulu - zikwi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi mahekitala) Ine nthawizonse zakhala ziri zofunika kwambiri. Chirichonse anafotokoza momveka bwino kuti: ndi chokha n'chimene mpanda pa lonse apanyanja malire a boma kum'mwera.

malangizo latsopano

Chiyambireni cha zaka mazana makumi awiri, alendo zambiri anayamba chidwi Nyanja Black. Sevastopol chinayamba monga achisangalalo. Anamanga Map ambiri, nyumba yogonamo. Iwo amatsegula Romanovsky Institute of njira thupi la mankhwala mu 1914. Akatswiri mwakhama kufufuza zotsatira za Crimea mpweya, matope ndi nyanja kusamba pa thanzi la munthu. Pa siteshoni kwachilengedwenso ankaphunzira zinyama ndi zomera la Nyanja Black. Kenako, bungwe anali lidzasinthidwa pakati kafukufuku lalikulu. Pa maziko ake linatsegulidwa Aquarium nsomba. Kwa Russia, zinali zachilendo.

Mzimu chosintha

Sevastopol Sichinatsitsidwe anakhalabe kucheza ndi zochitika za Russian zisinthe choyamba. Monga mukudziwa, pa nkhondo "Potemkin" mu June 1905 monyadira kukazikoloŵeka mbendera wofiira, ndipo mu November chaka chino pa zombo a Black Sea zombo chiwembu kutsogoleredwa ndi msilikali Schmidt. Atangochoka kupanduka anali kuletsedwa, ndi instigators ake ankayembekezera kuphedwa.

yankhondo

kulowa Russia kulowa First World nkhondo kunachitika mu 1914. Chakumapeto October, ndi German cruiser "Goeben" anawomberedwa pa Sevastopol. Adani anali atathamangitsidwa cruiser "Georgiy Pobedonosets" ndi mabatire pagombe. Russian yapamadzi, molimba mtima kugonjetsa mavuto, wakhala kupambana nkhondo pa m'Nyanja ya Black.

Chifukwa cha migodi bwino Bosphorus Khwalala mdani anataya minelayer wina, galimoto ndi boti schooners zana ndi makumi awiri, komanso khumi Amakweza. Tatchulawa ankadikira "Geben" litaphulitsidwa ndi mabomba chakhumi ndi chitatu December 1914.

Okwana pa zikomo First World ku khama la Black Sea zombo anawonongedwa ndi zombo Turkey sitima ena makumi asanu mphambu mazana atatu. Mu 1915, izo wodzilemekeza ndi Nkhondo awiri, asanu squadrons a ofunkha, sitima zankhondo asanu ndi awiri ndi mpweya ndi seaplanes pa bolodi.

A mbali yaikulu bwino zombo Russian anatumizidwa kuti asilikali Kolchak. Iye anatenga lamulo la zombo mu 1916. Asilikali anakonza dongosolo mumpanda Bosphorus ndi Istanbul kuukira, koma maganizo ake sanapange zisinthe mu 1917.

Sevastopol udindo mu USSR

The zotsala za White Army anasamutsidwa kuchoka ku mzinda mu November 1920. Lamulo ndondomeko anatenga General Wrangel. Pamodzi ndi asilikali kumanzere Sevastopol ndi Black Sea zombo zombo lomaliza. Kuyambira akuyamba mbiri Soviet mumzindawo. Pa nthawi yomweyo nakhalanso Red zombo. Apanso anakhala ntchito Sevastopol sitima Bzalani. Anagwira madongosolo kwa kukonza ndiponso kumanga ngalawa. Pangani zombo ano, zakulitsa chitetezo cha mzindawo pa nyanza, anamanga airfields ndi mabatire pagombe.

Sevastopol udindo mu USSR anachira. mzinda kachiwiri yofunika kwambiri panyanja pakati, ndi mwachangu momangidwanso pambuyo chisoni nkhondo. Mu 1926 Wabwino Tirhana Museum ndipo Drama Theatre linatsegulidwa. Pafupi ndi mzinda anapanga minda vinyo. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mzindawu anthu pafupifupi anthu zikwi zana (ngati inu monga amalinyero).

Apanso, nkhondo ...

Kale okhazikika bwino moyo wamtendere la mumzinda mawu chiyambi cha Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Makumi awiri wachiwiri June 1941 okhala Sevastopol anaona anayi ndege mdani, zouluka mu mlengalenga chipwirikiti. Iwo anayamba m'mawa ndi 3,15 khumi intervals yokha. Aliyense ndege awiri pansi migodi maginito kuti ndigwire kuchoka ku mzinda gombe. Black Sea zombo mphamvu anayankha zida zankhondo moto wa mdani. ola kale Commissar Anthu a Navy Black Sea zombo Kuznetsov anauza kulengeza ntchito wokonzeka nambala wani. Chifukwa cha masomphenya ake a dongosolo mdani ncho kwathunthu mwa Bay ndi kuwonongedwa kwa mitsempha oletsedwa anali wokhumudwa kwambiri. atatu migodi asanu ndi atatu okha waponya anagwa pa fairway lapansi.

Lamulo German anaganiza kuti aukire Sevastopol kachiwiri. City mapu zikusonyeza kuti izi zikhoza kutheka ngakhale pa nyanza. asilikali lopondereza anakwanitsa kuswa kudzera ku Crimea mu September makumi wina. October 29 mzindawo unali asilikali, ndipo tsiku lotsatira asilikali German anayesa kuti aulande. Koyamba mdani makumi chachinayi batire la Black Sea zombo. Iye anakantha khumi Moto ndime analamula General Von Manstein. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo limodzi ndi magulu sitima Corps mwamsanga anapanga wa a panyanjawa ku zombo ndi cadets wa Naval Academy. Iwo anayamba chodzikanira moona amunamuna a mzinda. Iwo unatenga masiku mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu. asilikali Soviet anapirira mavuto mdani, ndipo osati kuzilandira dziko lawo.

Zitatha izi kulephera kwa German High Lamulo anayamba atatu anayeserapo zambiri kutenga mzinda pa November 11, ndipo December 17, makumi woyamba ndi forte-wachiwiri 7 June chaka.

Shasenem - mbiri French - ali masamu kuti pa mumasiku twente-faifi a 250 tsiku kuzinga Sevastopol pa Germany inatha mabomba mochuluka monga England kwa Germany kwa zaka ziwiri nkhondoyi.

Akadzagonjetsedwa Crimea Nazi kutsogolo anatha kudula madzi onse a Caucasus ndi Sevastopol. Choncho, mzinda anazinga anali opanda chakudya. Nkhondo kwa Sevastopol anali pamaso pa Fourth wa July, ndi m'madera ena - ndi ciwiri, ngakhale pamaso pa asirikali a Soviet sanabwere ndi zipolopolo mapeto. Za makumi zikwi akapitawo, asilikali ndi amalinyero anagwidwa chifukwa chakuti kusamuka.

Sevastopol chitetezo anali wosatsutsika kufunika ndale ndi pa nkhondo pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Kodi walandira omenyana zozizwitsa? Iwo oletsedwa ambiri asilikali Romania ndi German, mutu zolinga za lamulo lopondereza. The wathuwu "kasupe amanyansidwa" wa ku Germany inasokoneza, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwa Sevastopol. chitsulo awo kukhudzana zinachititsa kuti chakuti Germany zowawa chidwi zomvetsa anthu ndi chuma (miyezi isanu ndi itatu zovuta unawonongedwa akasinja anayi mdani, ndege naini, ambiri a mfuti nkhondowo, asilikali mazana atatu zikwi anavulala kapena kuphedwa). Komanso adani ogonjetsedwa mu mayendedwe ndi nthawi.

Mu April, makumi anayi anayamba ndondomeko yomenyera wa Sevastopol. April chakhumi ndi chisanu cha mbali zapamwamba wa 4 Chiyukireniya Front anakwanitsa kufika kwa mizere tcheru mumzindawo. Sapun Mountain, amene anakhala malo ofunika malo German chitetezo anatengedwa chiwiri asilikali pa May 51 ndi makamu Maritime. Chinayi May 1944 anamasulidwa pa mzinda. Pa Cape Chersonese, asilikali Soviet analanda zotsala za asilikali Nazi.

Popeza May 1965 Sevastopol - Hero City. Mbiri yasonyeza kuti si palibe udindo wa mpanda yaikulu ya dziko chinthu.

kuchira

Nkhondo itatha, koma izo sizinali mayesero onse anadutsa anthu a mumzindawo. Sevastopol anali ikhalenso. Mwambowu zikwi antchito. Pa nkhondoyo inali pafupifupi inawonongedwa Sevastopol. Photos mzinda panthawi imeneyo zimabweretsa mantha: okongola kwambiri malo unaphwasukiratu. Akatswiri apeza kuti awononga chifukwa cha Nazi anali awiri biliyoni theka rubles! mzinda linasiiratu aya, mayendedwe, machitidwe kulankhulana. Komanso, nainte wa midadada nyumba anawonongedwa. Zinali zopweteka kuyang'ana Sevastopol. Photos wa mzindawo udzakhala kosatha yowawitsa chipilala kuti nkhanza nkhondo.

Pambuyo kugonjetsa mdani chinayamba palibe siteji alibe mavuto a wolakwayo. mzinda panthawi imeneyo anapulumuka wamba atatu okha zikwi. Pamwamba ankakambirana chifukwa udindo wa Sevastopol. Popeza zimenezi, kumakhaladi chigamulo chomveka boma la Soviet kumanganso mzinda wa choyamba.

Mu makumi asanu mochedwa, anayamba kugwira ntchito pa mapangidwe nyukiliya chida apanyanja. zinthu zatsopano dera la chida anayesedwa Nyanja Black. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Black Sea zombo ndi chinkhoswe wa United onyamula Mphamvu ya USSR bwinobwino kukumanizana akagwiriridwa chilichonse, ndipo osati chabe ku gombe Turkey, komanso ku Middle East, ndipo Nyanja Mediterranean.

N'chifukwa chiyani udindo wa Sevastopol? Nkhondo itatha, mzinda lilinso pakati yaikulu mafakitale. Kotero, izo mwakhama kukulitsa nsomba ndi nsomba processing mafakitale. Pamaziko a chida kupanga "yamvula" Zomera umabala osiyanasiyana mawailesi ndi zipangizo navigation. akatswiri m'madzi a mbewu anamanga ndi kukonza sitima wamba ndipo asilikali.

zambiri

Didimo Cities Sevastopol - Kronstadt, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Moscow, Kerch, Istanbul ndi Minsk. Mafunso amenewa kusinthidwa nthawi. June chikondwerero chaka cha chinayi tsiku la mzinda. Sevastopol ladzala ndi nyimbo, mumakhala zosiyanasiyana zikondwerero, zisudzo ndi zoimbaimba. Miyambo umachitika kwa masabata awiri.

mzinda tapereka chilengedwe chake ndi woimba wotchuka Alexander Marshall. "Great Russian mzinda wa Sevastopol" - nyimbo ndi zosavomerezeka nyimbo. Ndi zambiri kumveka pa mapwando City Tsiku.

Sevastopol - mzinda chatsekedwa kuyambira mu 1939 mpaka chaka cha 1959-TH. Kwa zaka makumi awiri, pakhomo ku Yalta ndi Simferopol anali udindo wapadera commandant a.

Mu August 1991, Crimea ndi Sevastopol (oyendetsa mzinda) anasamukira kumene kulengezedwa ndi mabwalo wodzilamulira - Ukraine. Zombo Russian anatha kukhala mu mzinda pa panyanja pangano m'munsi.

Mu March 2014 Republic la Crimea analengeza udindo mu msampha wa Sevastopol. Izi zidatheka ndi referendum dziko unachitikira dzulo. Pambuyo pamtima la Russia pa inalowa la Republic of Crimea Crimea aphungu Interstate mgwirizano wa dziko mu la Russia. tsiku la makumi awiri loyamba la March, chikalatacho anali linalowa nawo m'Pangano ndi mutsogoleli wadziko la Chitaganya cha Russia.

Monga mukuonera, ngakhale mwachidule mbiri ya Sevastopol kuonanso bwino tanthauzo la m'mbiri la mzinda.