Mwamuna Monga Vuto lafilosofi Mu Cholinga cha M.S. Kagan

Mose Samoylovich Kagan ndi katswiri wotchuka wa sayansi ya St. Petersburg, filosofi, katswiri wa chikhalidwe. Njira zopezeka pa zolemba zake zinali Marxism, makamaka, kufufuza dongosolo. Malingaliro ndi maphunziro a Mose Samoilovich amapangidwa m'mabuku ake ambiri, ndipo imodzi mwayi ndi "Munthu monga vuto la filosofi yamakono", yokhala ndi magawo asanu.

M'nkhaniyi, wolembayo akukweza vuto la filosofi ya "munthu ndi dziko", lomwe linali lofunika nthawi zonse. Anthu ambiri amaganizira za malo awo padziko lapansi, chifukwa ntchito zawo ziyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chomveka bwino. Kawirikawiri munthu amayamba kuzindikira moyo wake monga chizoloŵezi, kenako funso lidzati, "Nchifukwa chiyani nkofunikira, kuti ine ndiri m'dziko lino? Kodi chikhalidwe changa ndi chiani, cholinga? Nchiyani chimatsimikizira tanthauzo ndi kufunika kwa moyo waumunthu? Kodi mavuto akuluakulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ati? Nkhanizi ndi zina zotero zomwe zimatsimikizira zomwe zili za filosofi-chiphunzitso cha anthropological lero ndizo zokhudzana ndi asayansi ambiri. [1]

Mu ntchito yake, Moses Samoilovich amayesa kumvetsetsa izi, amasonyeza kuti cholengedwa chochuluka ndi chovuta ndi munthu. Kagan amatanthauza ntchito za akatswiri ambiri azafilosofi ndi akatswiri a maganizo, monga Marx, Engels, Feirbach, Scheler, Freud, Ananiev, ndi ena. Wolembayo analemba kuti nkhaniyi yachitidwa mosiyana m'mbiri. Iye amasiyanitsa mitundu itatu ya filosofi, yoyamba yake ndi theocentric. Choyimira chake ndicho lingaliro la munthu monga mulungu winawake. Filosofi imeneyi imapitirizabe m'mbiri yonse ya chikhalidwe.

Mtundu wotsatira ndi naturocentric. Moses Samoilovich akusimba kuti iye adachokera ku Greece, ndipo adatsitsimutsidwa mu filosofi ya ku Ulaya ya masiku ano. Chifukwa cha filosofi iyi yakale , kuzindikira kuti chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe ndi chiyero ndi khalidwe. Malingana ndi mtundu wachikhalidwe , munthu ndi mtundu wovuta kwambiri wa kukhalapo, mtundu wa chiyanjano cha ubale wake ndi chilengedwe, chikhalidwe, umulungu.

Chikhalidwe ichi chimatipangitsa ife kulingalira momveka bwino momwe filosofi inakhalira, kuti tiwone mu magawo ubale pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti wolembayo, wokhudzana ndi mbiriyakale, sakuyang'ana mtsogolo ndipo sadaganizire zomwe zidzakhale zafilosofi yotsatira. Ngakhale Agiriki anazindikira kuti munthu akhoza kuyamba kufotokoza kokha kuchokera pa kudzidziwitsa yekha. Yankho la kukhala munthu limabisika mwa munthu. Chifukwa cha chidwi cha munthu payekha kudzidziwitsa yekha, sangathe kunyalanyaza lingaliro la filosofi yamtsogolo.

Gawo lotsatira la nkhaniyo, MS. Kagan amasonyeza munthu ngati mtundu wapadera wokhalapo, akufanizira ndi zolengedwa zina zachirengedwe ndi mabungwe a anthu, powonetsera ubale wawo wapamtima. Nthawi zambiri munthu amadzinenera kuti ndi "mfumu ya chirengedwe", demiurge, "munthu wapamwamba". Koma kuti munthu agonjetse kudalira pa mphamvu zakunja (chirengedwe, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe), munthu ayenera kumvetsetsa momveka bwino mphamvu zake ndi malire ake. Kwa ichi, malinga ndi MS. Kagan, nkofunikira kufotokoza mbiri yosiyana siyana ya chikhalidwe, mawonekedwe a umunthu. Ndipo ndithudi, panthawi yonse ya kukhalapo kwake, munthu amayesetsa kumasuka, kuchotsa kudalira pa mphamvu zakunja, chomwe chimatchedwa ukapolo. Koma kodi ndizofunika? Mbiri imatiwonetsa ubale wapakati pakati pa munthu, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, sayansi, chipembedzo, zonsezi ndizowunikira mndandanda umodzi. Ndipo, kuti ndikhalebe mwamtendere mu dziko, mwa lingaliro langa, munthu sayenera kudzikweza yekha pamwamba pa mphamvu zakunja ndi kudzidzinenera yekha kukhala wopambana.

Gawo lachitatu la ntchitoyi limatikumbutsa kusintha kwa maganizo a munthu ndi dziko lapansi. Ngati kumayambiriro kwa mbiriyakale ya munthu, kudalira kwathunthu kwa mphamvu zakunja kumatsimikizirika bwino, ndiye kuti panopo tikuona zosiyana ndizo. Maso athu, kudalira chilengedwe pa ntchito za anthu kukukula mofulumira. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti umunthu wafika pamtundu wa chidziwitso ndi kudzidziwitsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azitha kugwirizana bwino ndi mabungwe ndi magulu a zachilengedwe, ndikuwongolera bwino ntchito zake mu sayansi ndi zamakono, zamakono ndi njira yolankhulana, maphunziro ndi kulera, kulingalira mosamala, kuchokera pa Mwazomwe asayansi amapeza, malire enieni a mphamvu zake, zovomerezeka ndi malamulo a cholinga cha moyo, chikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe. " Poyambira pa zaka chikwi chachitatu, anthu ambiri anayamba kudabwa kwambiri ndi dziko lapansi ndi luso lawo, zozizwitsa, zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu zakunja. Izi zikutsimikiziranso zapadera za umunthu.

Mu gawo lachinai, Moses Samoilovich akufotokoza za kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka kwa anthu. Pachifukwa ichi, munthu aliyense amayamba kuzindikira malo ake padziko lapansi. Munthu amadziwa kuti sikuti ndi chilengedwe chokhacho, gawo la anthu, koma ndi wotsatira chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo. Koma zochitika zambiri zoopsa zomwe zinachitika m'nthaŵi zakale, mu Middle Ages, ndipo tsopano, zimatipangitsa kuganizira za kusowa kwa chikhalidwe mwa anthu. Ndipo tsopano, malingaliro anga, munthu ali ndi udindo waukulu pamaso pa mbiri yonse ya mtundu wake. Anthu amafunika kusunga makhalidwe awo auzimu, kuyamikira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphindi iliyonse ya moyo wawo.

Ndipo kumapeto kwa MS. Kagan amasonyeza vuto la ubale pakati pa filosofi ndi chikhalidwe. Kuyambira kale, filosofi yafikira ku luso (ndakatulo, nyimbo, cinema, ndi zina zotero), pofuna kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana a ndakatulo, nyimbo, cinema, ndi zina zotero. Wolembayo akuwona chinthu chachikulu chomwe tsopano chikokachi chikuzindikira kufunikira kogwirizanitsa kumvetsetsa kwa munthu , Chimene chimapatsa filosofi moyo ndi zochitika za sayansi, ndi chidziwitso chomwechi, chomwe chimapezedwa ndi zosangalatsa zamakono za munthu. Ndipo izi ndi zofunika kwambiri povumbulutsira chidziwitso cha munthu wamakono.

Kuwonjezera apo, wolemba akutembenukira ku vuto la munthu ndi chilengedwe ndipo akufotokoza njira zitatu zothetsera ubalewu: munthu-mfumu ya chilengedwe, kupembedza chilengedwe ndi kukambirana ndi chirengedwe. Mlingaliro langa, njira yachitatu idzaonetsetsa kuti chitukuko chikhale bwino, maganizo awa akugawanika ndi wolemba. Munthu ayenera kukhala wochezeka kwa chilengedwe, ndi chikondi ndi ulemu, ndipo izi zidzatsimikizira kuti ali ndi chitukuko.

Poganizira mwachidule, Moses Samoilovich amatha kunena kuti munthu adasinthika ndikupitirizabe kukula mwauzimu, izi ndi njira yosatha yomwe imatenga dzina la kudzikuza. Ndipo pazifukwa izi, filosofi ikhoza kupitiriza kuganizira mavuto ake a "mafuko" - ubale wa anthu ndi dziko lapansi.

Munthu ndi dongosolo lovuta kwambiri lomwe limasintha nthawi zonse. Kuganizira za munthu kumatenga mavuto osiyanasiyana. Izi zimakhala zosawerengeka. Zotsatira zake, pafupifupi mafanizo onse a filosofi akulowetsedwa m'munda wa lingaliro la kuphunzira vuto lalikulu lafilosofi - munthu ndi dziko lapansi. Malingana ndi kafukufuku wa nkhaniyi, chinthu chachikulu kwa anthu amasiku ano ndikumvetsa cholinga chake. Munthuyo ayenera kuzindikira kuti ali ndi udindo waukulu pamaso pake - kusungidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe chonse, chomwe m'mbiri yonse yakhala ikuperekedwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo.

[1] Gurevich PS Man monga chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. / / Vuto la munthu ku filosofi ya ku Western. Moscow: Kupita patsogolo, 1988, c. 504