Kusokoneza ndale: kufotokoza mtundu, zitsanzo

Mtundu wovuta, wosiyanasiyana, womwe umapezeka muzojambula zambiri, ndiwongolenga ndale. Kuligwiritsa ntchito mwakhama kumatanthauza kukhala ndi malingaliro apamwamba, kuwerenga mokwanira, kudziwa za sayansi zandale, kutenga kutsutsa kokondweretsa, kuzindikira luso la kulankhula mwaukhondo ndi kulumikiza mozama mtundu uwu. Sangalekerere malingaliro odzimvera mwadala, ndi kuthandizira kwake ndi kosavuta kukhudza malingaliro a anthu ena, kunyozedwa, kunyalanyaza.

Kodi kusagwirizana ndi chiyani?

Satire ndi mtundu wa zojambula ndi zojambula zomwe zimayimira zojambula kapena zolemba zamtundu wa zochitika zoipa m'moyo ndi anthu kudzera mwachinyengo, kunyoza, kupusitsa, kufotokozera, zonyansa komanso zonyansa. Chofunika cha kusagwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono ndi njira zopezera kukwaniritsa kutsutsika kosautsika, kutsutsana ndi machitidwe oipa. Kawirikawiri mumagwiritsidwe ntchito kachisembwere ndi kupambanitsa kwambiri. Mtundu wamatsenga ndi zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo nthawi zonse umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwulula zochitika zotsutsana ndi zandale. Kusagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse kumapangidwira anthu ndi zochitika.

Ntchito zonyansa zingakhale za makhalidwe, zandale, zachipembedzo. Kudzudzula mwa kusagwirizanitsa kumapangidwira kuchokera pakuwona kuti palibe chabwino. M'nthawi zakale, satirical anali osakanikirana ndi ndakatulo komanso ndondomeko, ndipo kenako ku Rome mtunduwo unapeza ufulu. Anagwiritsa ntchito kuvina, nyimbo, ndakatulo. Zitsanzo zojambula zowonjezera zinapangidwa ndi Juvenal ndi Horace. Ndi chithandizo cha mtunduwo, zochitika zowopsya za moyo zimasekedwa. M'mabuku muli ntchito zonse za satirical, magawo amodzi, zochitika kapena mafano. Chifukwa chotsutsana ndi ndale wina ayenera kukhala wochenjera, chifukwa mtundu uwu ukhoza kuchepetsedwa mwa kuwunika.

Satire Yandale

Nthaŵi zonse anthu akhala akugwirizana kwambiri ndi ndale. Ngakhale kuti amanena za zolemba, zomwe zimapezeka m'mabuku akuluakulu ndi zojambula. Muzochita zandale zokhudzana ndi zochitika zapadera ndi zaumphawi, zozizwitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu, zochitika zoipa za ndale mwachinyengo, burlesque ndi njira zina zimawonekera. Mchitidwe wotsutsana ndi ndale sikuti umangokhalira kusokoneza omvera, komanso kuti uwononge zovuta zenizeni zenizeni. Ichi ndicho cholinga chachikulu, chomwe chimaperekedwa kudzera mwa kuseketsa.

Zolemba zamakalata, monga kunyoza, kusagwirizana, kusiyanitsa, kuthandizira kukwaniritsa zotsatira zina. Omwe anayambitsa zandale ndi Lucilius, Ennius, Horace, Aristophanes. Iyenera kukhala ndi zolembera zofewa, zomwe zimayesetseratu kutsutsa pa adiresi yapadera. Kupanda kutero, kusunthira kumawoneka ngati ulaliki, lipoti louma kapena phunziro.

Tanthauzo la kusagwirizana

Chifukwa cha mabuku a ku Roma wakale, kunayambitsa mikangano ya ndale. Zimaphatikizapo ndakatulo ndi nyimbo zomveka mosiyanasiyana ndi tanthauzo. Mwa iwo owerengera amakwiya, akutsutsa zolakwika zosiyanasiyana - mafano a anthu, magulu, zozizwitsa. Satire - mtundu wopatsa mawu waufulu - uyenera kusiyanitsidwa ndi lamapuni ndi pamapepala.

Kufunika kwa kukonda zandale ndi tanthauzo lake kumakhala mwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, kukweza nyimbo, kutalika kwabwino kwa satirist. Nyimbo zogwira mtima za ntchito yosautsa zimasiya mtundu wa malingaliro, ndipo chifukwa cha zandale zimakhala ndi khalidwe lachidziwitso.

Zosangalatsa zodabwitsa

Pali kusokonezeka kwa ndale mu mitundu yonse ya luso - ichi ndicho kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mtundu weniweni wamakalata. Amakumana nawo masewero, mabuku, mafilimu, zolemba. Chigwirizano cham'mbuyomu chinakula mu Greece, maiko a Arabiya, Persia, ku Middle East Europe, America, Victorian England. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati njira yowonekera m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, pamene kunali USSR ndipo, ndithudi, masiku ano.

Anthu otchuka kwambiri a Soviet I. Ilf ndi E. Petrov analemba bukuli "Mipando 12", yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira zamaseŵera ndi zolemba pofuna kunyodola anthu a Soviet omwe anangoyamba kumene. Kuyankhulana kwa ndale kunayanjanitsidwa ndi: V. Mayakovsky, Yu Olesha, D. Harms, M. Bulgakov, S. Marshak. Ambiri ambiri a Soviet adatsutsidwa ndipo akuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu umenewu.

Pa "thaw" pali mafilimu osasangalatsa, ma telecasts, omwe omveka ndi kuseketsa amasonyeza mphamvu. Anthu ambiri masiku ano ndi A. Raikin, M. Zhvanetsky, G. Khazanov, S. Altov, A. Arkanov, L. Izmailov, M. Zadornov. Masiku ano, mtundu wa ndale ku Russia sumafika pamtunda wotchuka, womwe unali mu Soviet times.

Zolemba zapamwamba ndi zochitika zina

Chokondweretsa kwambiri ndi chosakumbukika chinali kusagwirizana ndi ndale (mawu, mawu, aphorisms) pa USSR. Zinali kuchokera kumeneko mafilimu ochititsa chidwi a ndakatulo, ndakatulo, ndondomeko, kutsutsa zovuta zotsutsana za nthawi. Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Brezhnev, panali zolemba zambiri zokhudza iye ndi ndondomeko zake. Aliyense amadziwa kuti Leonid Ilyich ankakonda ndudu ndi medali, zomwe iye mwiniwake anapatsa, nthawizina osayenera. N'chifukwa chake zizindikiro zotsatirazi zinapezeka: "Chivomezi chinachitika ku Moscow. Izi zinachitika chifukwa chovala cha Brezhnev ndi medali chinachokera ku mpando. "

M'zaka za zana la 21, kusokonezeka kwa ndale kunachokera ku mabuku kupita ku luso. Masiku ano zithunzi za caricature zimapezeka m'maphepete amtundu ndi ndale, mabuku akuluakulu achi Russia ndi ochokera kunja.