Friedrich Schiller: biography, chilengedwe, malingaliro

Chilengedwe Friedrich Schiller anagwa pa nthawi yotchedwa "Mphepo Yamkuntho ndi Chiwonongeko" - malangizo opezeka m'mabuku a Germany, omwe anali okhudzana ndi kukana chikhalidwe ndi kusintha kwa chikondi. Nthawi ino ikuphimba pafupi zaka makumi awiri: 1760-1780. Zinadziwika ndi ntchito ya olemba otchuka monga Johann Goethe, Christian Schubart ndi ena.

Zithunzi zochepa za wolemba

Württemberg Duchy, kumene Friedrich Schiller anabadwa, anali mu Ufumu Woyera wa Roma. Wolemba ndakatulo anabadwa mu 1759 m'banja la mbadwa. Bambo ake anali wothandizira zachipatala, ndipo amayi ake anali mwana wa wophika mkate. Komabe, mnyamatayo adaphunzira bwino: adaphunzira ku sukulu ya usilikali, komwe adaphunzira malamulo ndi milandu, ndipo atatha kusamukira ku Stuttgart, anayamba mankhwala.

Atapanga masewera ake oyambirira a "The Robbers", wolemba wachinyamatayo adathamangitsidwa kuchoka kuntchito yake ndipo anakhala moyo wake wonse ku Weimar. Friedrich Schiller anali bwenzi la Goethe ndipo adakondana naye polemba zilembo. Wolembayo ankakonda filosofi, mbiri, ndakatulo. Iye anali pulofesa wa mbiri ya dziko pa yunivesite ya Jena, motsogoleredwa ndi I. Kant analemba mafilosofi, ankachita ntchito zofalitsa, kumasula magazini "Ory", "Almanac of the Muses." Wochita masewerawa ku Weimar anamwalira mu 1805.

Masewero "The Robbers" ndi kupambana koyamba

Panthawi yomwe tikukambiranayi, kukonda zachikondi kunali kofala kwambiri pakati pa achinyamata, omwe adafunanso Friedrich Schiller. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu, kufotokozera mwachidule ntchito yake, yiritsani izi: zotsalira za ufulu, kutsutsa anthu apamwamba, anthu olemekezeka, olemekezeka ndi omvera chisoni kwa iwo omwe ali ndi zifukwa zilizonse zomwe anakanidwa ndi anthuwa.

Udindo unakhala wolemba atatha kufotokoza sewero lakuti "The Robbers" mu 1781. Masewerowa amadziwika ndi anthu osadzikonda komanso achikondi, koma amakondana ndi wowonayo ndi chiwembu cholimba, ndi chilakolako chotentha. Maziko a zolembazo ndiwo mutu wa mkangano pakati pa abale awiriwa: Charles ndi Franz Moore. Franz wonyenga akufuna kuchotsa kwa mbale wake malo, cholowa, komanso wokondedwa - msuwani Amalia.

Kusalungama kumeneku kumapangitsa Karl kupita kwa achifwamba, koma panthawi yomweyi amatha kusunga ulemu wake ndi ulemu wake waukulu. Ntchitoyi inali yopambana kwambiri, koma inabweretsa mavuto kwa wolembayo: chifukwa chokhalapo mosavomerezeka iye adalangidwa, ndipo kenako anachotsedwa ku chibadwidwe chake.

Masewera a zaka za m'ma 1780

Kupambana kwa "Robbers" kunayambitsa wachinyamatato wamng'ono kuti apange ntchito yodziwika bwino yomwe inakhala yowonjezera mabuku ofotokoza zapadziko lapansi. Mu 1783 adalemba sewero la "Deceit and Love", "The Conspiracy of Fiesco ku Genoa", mu 1785 - "The Ode to Joy". M'nkhaniyi, m'pofunika kupatulira ntchito "Decepit and Love", yomwe imatchedwa "vuto lachilendo", chifukwa chakuti kwa nthawi yoyamba wolembayo anapanga chithunzi chojambula osati mavuto a anthu olemekezeka, koma kuvutika kwa msungwana wamba wobadwa. "Kuthamangira ku Chisangalalo" akuyesedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zabwino za wolemba, amene sanatsimikizire kuti ndi wolemba wamkulu, komanso wolemba ndakatulo wanzeru.

Masewera a 1790s

Friedrich Schiller ankakonda mbiri yakale, pa nkhani zomwe analemba zojambula zake zingapo. Mu 1796 adayambitsa sewero la "Wallenstein", loperekedwa kwa mkulu wa nkhondo ya zaka makumi atatu (1618-1648). Mu 1800 adalemba sewero lakuti "Maria Stewart", pomwe adachokera ku zochitika zakale, ndikupanga zojambula zotsutsana pakati pa akazi awiri. Zochitika zotsirizirazi, komabe, sizikulepheretsani kuwerengera zofunikira za seweroli.

Mu 1804 Friedrich Schiller adalemba sewero lotchedwa "Wilhelm Tell", loperekedwa ku nkhondo ya anthu a ku Swiss otsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa Austria. Ntchitoyi imakhudzidwa ndi ziphuphu za ufulu ndi ufulu, zomwe zinali zofanana kwambiri ndi chidziwitso cha oimira Mphepo yamkuntho ndi Chiwonongeko. Mu 1805, wolembayo anayamba kugwira ntchito pa sewero lakuti "Demetrius", wopatulira ku zochitika za mbiri yakale ya Russia, koma maseŵerawa anakhalabe osatha.

Kufunika kwa Ntchito ya Schiller mu Zithunzi

Masewero a wolembayo adakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi. Zimene Friedrich Schiller analemba zinali zolemba ndakatulo zachi Russia. Zhukovsky, M. Lermontov, amene anamasulira mabaibulo ake. Masewera a playwright ndiwo maziko a ntchito zochititsa chidwi ndi otsogolera otsogolera a ku Italy a m'ma 1900. L. Beethoven adamaliza gawo lomaliza la symphony yake yotchuka yachisanu ndi chinayi pa Schiller ya "Ode to Joy". Mu 1829, D. Rossini anapanga opera "Wilhelm Tell" pa zolinga za sewero lake; Ntchitoyi imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa zolengedwa zabwino kwambiri za wopanga.

Mu 1835 G. Donizetti adalemba opera "Maria Stewart", akuphatikizapo ntchito yake yoimba pambiri ya England England XVI. Mu 1849, D. Verdi anapanga opera "Louise Miller" pogwiritsa ntchito sewero lakuti "Wochenjera ndi Chikondi." Ma opera sanali otchuka kwambiri, koma sanakayikire zoyenera kuimba. Kotero, mphamvu ya Schiller pa chikhalidwe cha dziko ndi yaikulu, ndipo izi zikufotokozera chidwi chake pa ntchito yake lero.