Mumadziwika ofufuza Arctic

Arctic anatsanzika anthu kumayambiriro a XIX ndi XX zaka. Izi zovuta m'mphepete ankafufuza daredevils ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana: .. Russia, Norway, Sweden, Italy, etc. Mbiri ya Mipukutu ya ku Arctic - si asayansi okha, komanso masewera makaniwo ulipobe.

Nils Nordenskiöld

Arctic wofufuza Nils Nordenskiöld (1832-1901) anabadwira ku Finland, ndiye a Russia Komabe, kukhala Swede ndi kubadwila ulendo wake imachitika pansi mbendera Swedish. Mu unyamata wake anapita ambiri Spitsbergen. Nordenskiöld anali woyamba wapaulendo 'Borrow' ndi Greenland ayezi pepala. Onse odziwika ofufuza ku Arctic chiyambi cha m'ma XX ndi mpake kuti iye monga godfather cha luso lake.

Kupambana waukulu Adolfa Nordenshelda anali ulendo wake ku fupi North-East mu 1878-1879 biennium. The Sitima "Vega" anali woyamba pa ulendo unali m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa Europe ndi ku Asia ndi kwathunthu analambalala Africa yaikulu. Mtengo Nordenskjold Akuti ana - dzina lake lapatsidwa kwa ambiri mbali dera limene kozizira. Izi kuphatikizapo zilumba pafupi Taimyr ndi Gulf za Dziko Latsopano.

Robert Piri

Dzina Roberta Piri (1856-1920) - makamaka mbiri ya Maulendo kumalo ozizira. Zinali iye - woyamba Arctic wofufuza amene anagonjetsa North Pole. Mu 1886, Wofufuzayo ananyamuka kuwoloka Greenland pa sled a. Komabe, mu mpikisano anataya kuti Fridtjof Nansen.

The ofufuza ndiye Arctic anali EXTREMALS tanthauzo kwambiri kuposa panopa. Koma panalibe zipangizo zamakono, ndi daredevils anali ntchito pafupifupi mwachimbulimbuli. Kufuna kugonjetsa Pole North, Peary anaganiza titembenukira kwa moyo ndi miyambo ya Eskimos. Chifukwa cha "kusinthanitsa chikhalidwe" American anasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala kugona ndi mahema. M'malo mwake, anali amachita mchitidwe kumanga igloo.

Home Travel Piri - ulendo wake chimodzi kwa Arctic mu 1908-1909. Gulu m'gulu 22 America ndi 49 Eskimos. Ngakhale, monga ulamuliro, ofufuza Arctic anatumizidwa ku malekezero a dziko lapansi ndi zolinga za sayansi, kampani Piri zigwirizana kokha kuchokera ku chikhumbo kuika m'bukuli. Pole North anagonjetsedwa ndi ofufuza April 6, 1909.

Raúl Amundsen

Kwa nthawi yoyamba Raúl Amundsen (1872-1928) tinapita ku Arctic mu 1897-1899 gg., Kodi iye anachita nawo maulendowa Belgium, amene anali kuyenda panyanja mmodzi wa ngalawa. Atabwerera kwawo la Norway anayamba kukonza ulendo palokha. Izi zisanachitike, ofufuza za Arctic kwenikweni akumperekeza magulu waukulu pa zotengera angapo. Amundsen anasiya mitala.

Kumalo ozizira wofufuza anagula yatchi yaing'ono "Joa" nasonkhanitsa gulu laling'ono kuti akhoza mosadalira kudzisamalira ndi nyama komanso kukafufuza. ulendo uno unayambitsidwa mu 1903. Mfundo kuyambira anali Norse Greenland, ndi chomaliza - Alaska. Choncho, choyamba Raúl Amundsen anagonjetsa chakumadzulo fupi - njira nyanja mwa Canada Arctic Archipelago. Zinali bwino kuposa kale lonse. Mu 1911, woyamba wofufuza kumalo ozizira m'mbiri ya anthu anafika South Pole. M'tsogolo, Amundsen anachita chidwi mu ntchito ya ndege, kuphatikizapo airships ndi seaplanes. kafukufuku anamwalira mu 1928, kufunafuna maulendowa kusowa kwa Umberto Nobile.

Nansen

Chinorowe Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) anayamba akuyendayenda Arctic pofuna kungosangalala. Monga skater akatswiri ndi skier, ali ndi zaka 27 anaganiza mtanda dziko kutsetsereka yaikulu Greenland ayezi kapu ndi kuyesa koyamba m'mbiri.

Pole North silinakwaniritsidwe anaigonjetsa Peary, Nansen ndipo anaganiza kukwaniritsa mfundo amazikonda kwambiri, anatengeka ndi ayezi pa bwalo "Fram". chombo chidali ukapolo wa oundana kumpoto cha Cape Chelyuskin. gulu kumalo ozizira anapita wakwera, koma April 1895, kufika madigiri 86 kumpoto kumpoto Kunyoza.

Kenako Fridtjof Nansen sanali nawo Maulendo upainiya. M'malo mwake, iye kumizidwa mu sayansi, kukhala katswiri kwambiri ndi woyambitsa maphunziro khumi. Udindo wa wodziwika anthu Nansen akuvutika ndi zotsatira za First World nkhondo mu Europe. Iye anathandiza othawa kwawo ochokera m'mayiko osiyana ndi njala Volga. Mu 1922, Norway Arctic wofufuza anali kupereka ya Nobel Peace Prize.

Umberto Nobile

Chitaliyana Umberto Nobile (1885-1978) amadziwika osati monga wofufuza kumalo ozizira. dzina lake amagwirizana ndi nyengo za golide za airship. Amundsen, amene wakumenya pa lingaliro la mpweya ndege pa North Pole, anakumana ndi katswiri mu munda wa aeronautics Nobile mu 1924. Kale mu 1926, kampani Italy Argonaut Scandinavia ndi American eccentric miliyoneya Lincoln Ellsworth anapita ndege epochal. The airship "Norway" anatsatira sikunachitekepo poyamba njira Rome - North Pole - Alaska Peninsula.

Umberto Nobile anakhala wopambana dziko, ndi azichepetsa Mussolini anamuika ambiri ndi aulemu membala wa lopondereza Party. bwino aganiza kukonzanso kum'manga airships bungwe kukaona. Pa nthawi iyi, zeze woyamba kukachitika ankaimba Italy (ndege kumalo ozizira ndi umatchedwa "Italy"). Pobwerera ku North Pole airship inaonongeka, gawo ogwira anamwalira, ndipo Nobile anapulumutsidwa ayezi wake Soviet Chombo "Krasin".

Chelyuskinites

Chelyuskinites ft - wapadera tsamba mu mbiriyakale ya malire kumalo ozizira kufufuza. Iwo amagwirizana ndi kuyesa zinalephereka kukhazikitsa navigation pamodzi kumpoto Nyanja Route. Anauziridwa wasayansi Otto Schmidt ndi Captain-kumalo ozizira Vladimir Voronin. Mu 1933, natumiza Sitima "Chelyuskin" ndipo anapita kukaona pamodzi kugombe la kumpoto kwa Europe ndi ku Asia.

Soviet Arctic ofufuza ankayesa kutsimikiza kuti kumpoto Nyanja Route akhoza zapita osati pa galimoto mwapadera okonzeka, komanso yonyamula yosavuta. Inde, anali juga, ndipo zinaonekeratu kuti kuwonongeka mu ya Bering Strait, pamene ayezi wosweka chombo linasweka.

The gulu la "Chelyuskin" mopupuluma anasamutsidwa, ndi ku likulu la ntchito m'boma bungwe apulumutse anthu ofufuza kumalo ozizira analengedwa. Anthu mwabwerera kunyumba ndi mpweya mlatho thandizo la ndege. Mbiri ya "Chelyuskin" ndi gulu lake anagonjetsa dziko. Ndege, opulumutsa oyambirira kulandira mutu wa Hero wa Soviet Union.

Georgy Sedov

Georgy Sedov (1877-1914) zogwirizana miyoyo yawo ndi nyanja monga mnyamata, analowa Rostov makalasi kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi. Asanakhale ndi Arctic wofufuza, iye anali nawo Chirasha Japanese nkhondo, imene analamulira oponya bwato.

Woyamba ulendo kumalo ozizira Sedov chinachitika mu 1909, pamene ananena mkamwa mwa a Kolyma Mtsinje. Kenako ankayendera dziko latsopano (kuphatikizapo Krestov ake Guba). Mu 1912, mkulu mkulu adati tsarist ntchito boma tirigu ulendo, cholinga umene unali North Pole.

Akuluakulu anakana azikonza yowopsa. Kenako kusonkhetsa ndalama kuchokera kwa ndalama payekha ndipo komabe bungwe ulendo. chombo wake "St. Foka" watsekedwa ndi ayezi pa Novaya Zemlya. Sedov ndiye anadwala ndi chiseyeye, koma limodzi ndi anzake angapo anapita sled ku North Pole. Kumalo ozizira anamwalira paulendo wopita pafupi Rudolf Island, kumene anaikidwa m'manda.

Valery Chkalov

zambiri kuposa Russian ofufuza Arctic kugwirizana ndi zombo, sleighs ndi galu sledding. Komabe, zopereka zake pa kuphunzira malo kumalo ozizira ndi oyendetsa anapanga. Waukulu Soviet Ace Valeriy Chkalov (1904-1938) mu 1937 anapanga woyamba osaima ndege ku Moscow ku Vancouver kudzera wa North Pole.

Buddy brigade mtsogoleri pa ntchito anakhala Co-woyendetsa Georgy Bajdukov ndi kuyenda panyanja Alexander Belyakov. Pa 63 maola wa Nyerere 25 ulendo wautali ake makilomita 9000. Ngwazi za Vancouver kuyembekezera atolankhani padziko lonse, ndi Pulezidenti US Roosevelt anailandira oyendetsa mu White House.

Ivan Papanin

Pafupifupi ndithu Ivan Papanin (1894-1896) - wotchuka Soviet Arctic wofufuza. bambo ake anali Sevastopol doko antchito, n'zosadabwitsa kuti mnyamata ana aang'ono anayatsa nyanja. Mu kumpoto Papanin anaonekera kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1931, kuyendera m'ngalawamo "Malygin" Franz Josef Land.

Anaomba ulemerero ofufuza Arctic anadza pa zaka 44 zakubadwa. Mu 1937-1938. Papanin anatsogolera ntchito yoyamba mu dziko yobwerera "Pole North" siteshoni. masiku 274 anakhala asayansi anayi pa ayezi, kuonera m'mlengalenga ndi hydrosphere wa Ocean Arctic. Papanin anakhala Hero wa Soviet Union kawiri.