Colima (mtsinje) komwe?

Ndi momwemo zinachitika kuti dzina la Kolyma potanthauza ndi dera limene Chili Region Magadan ndi Yakutia, fated kukhala limazungulira nsonga chilango pa dziko. Apa ndi m'misasa choopsa, ndi dzina la lokongolali mtsinje waukulu kumpoto chakum'mawa Russia akadali kugwirizana ndi kupondereza zachiwawa. Koma tikambirana hydronyms zodabwitsa - amphamvu olemera Kolyma mtsinje onyamula moyo zonse - ndi mafuko ndi selivshimsya yaitali pamodzi magombe ake, ndipo lero ife sindinali kuganiza wokha popanda lotseguka mayiko amenewa Russian apaulendo.

A mbiri pang'ono

Choyamba Kolyma Mtsinje (Halyma Yakut) anatchulidwa mu lipoti Pomor-wofufuza Mihayly Staduhina, mutu wa maulendowa, amene pachimake mu anapeza m'mayiko ena mabeseni ndi Indigirka Alazeya (1639), komanso m'munsi mu 1644 ku malire m'munsi mwa Kolyma kumpanda yozizira. Iye anafotokoza mbadwa yovuta - pankhondo Chukchi, amateteza njira yake ya moyo ndi nthawi kupereka ulemu kwa aliyense. Yukagirs, Tungus, Chukchi, Evenki, anakakhala pa gombe awa ndi obzhivshie malo yovuta, kuchita nsomba, kusaka nyama galu sledding ina.

Nizhnekolymskiy zokhalamo yozizira msasa anali poyambira Maulendo m'tsogolo ndipo atayenda mu kufufuza madera katundu uncharted. Kuyambira zaka 1647-1648 anatengedwa dziko ndi madzi ulendo, malizitsani chithunzi m'dera lolingana mafotokozedwe.

Wotchuka wofufuza kumalo ozizira wotchedwa Dmitry Laptev, amene anafika monga gawo la Great kumpoto ulendo, mu 1741 anafotokoza malire chapamwamba mtsinje, napita m'kamwa mwa Kolyma Mtsinje, makamaka ducts yake Stone Kolyma, dongosolo lapadera - kuzindikira chabwino, chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa chamankhwala chodalirika ntchito ambiri kufufuza. Kuyambira pano kukwera wotchuka Wrangell, Billings ndi ena ofufuza zotchuka mofanana. Iyi ndi nkhani ya anapeza malo awa, yovuta, wouma mtima, koma wokongola ndi chokondetsa zapadera kukongola a kumpoto. Tiyeni tione kumene Mtsinje Kolyma wabadwa, limene likutengera madzi ake, njira akuchita ndi chimene chimachita izo.

Chiyambi cha dzina

Asayansi siyidafike kuti kuuzidwa za chiyambi cha dzina (Colima). Evens - okhala zamakolo malo awa, wotchedwa Kullu wake, amene anawamasulira kuchokera ku Turkey njira mtsinje. Today dzina ili lili okha gwero lamanja la Kolyma Mtsinje. Michael limautcha Stadukhin yakov ndipo kenako bwino kwa munthu wamakono - Kolyma. Ndione kugwirizana etymological pakati Kullu ndi Kolyma sizingatheke kuti aliyense, ndipo malingaliro maganizo za chiyambi cha dzina Yukagir komanso opanda umboni. Mwina mpaka kalekale kukhala chinsinsi dzina zodabwitsa - Kolyma Mtsinje. Kodi chiyambi chake, ife kuphunzira.

imachokera

Kolyma unakhazikitsidwa pa ziwiri kulumikiza Okhotsk- Kolyma zomwe zili gwero: mtsinje Ayan Yuriakh, akutsika pakati pa miyala Halkan lokwera ndi mtsinje Kullu anatuluka mitsinje awiri lubwe chimathandiza Suntar-Hayata. Ndi pano kuti magalimoto mtsinje kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Arctic.

Kolyma mtsinje kumene umayenda

Beseni ndi makhwawa zambiri anagwada n'kuweramira pansi pa gawo lalikulu la dera la Magadan, Khabarovsk Krai, Yakutia, wokhudza zinthu zina Chukotka ndi Kamchatka. Amaika mumsewu wopita ku nyanja mwa Madzi oundana a, skirting mapiri miyala, ndi Kolyma Mtsinje imaphwera mu East Siberia Nyanja ndi pakamwa 3 amphamvu:

• East - kutumiza Stone Kolyma kukhala olimba 20 kilometre lonse. pakamwa m'litali ndi 50 kukafika ndi kuya - za 9 m.

• sing'anga - Pokhodsk Kolyma, malaya kutalika 25 Km, m'lifupi mwake 0.5 2 Km ndi akuya 3.5-4.5 m.

• West - Kolyma Chukchi, alinso miyeso chidwi kwambiri: kutalika 60 Km, m'lifupi mwake 3-4 Km ndi kuya - 8-9 m.

Delta kutalika m'munsi ndi za 110 Km, ndipo malo ake 3 chimafikira pafupifupi zikwi lalikulu. Km.

M'litali ndi makhalidwe

kutalika kwa mtsinje ndi chiyani? Colima ali kutalika 2129 Km, ndipo ngati inu mumawerengera kuchokera ku gwero Kenelichi - Mtsinje, ndi tributary lamanja la Kullu, izo kumawonjezera mpaka 2513 Km. Pafupifupi 1400 Km Kolyma umayenda kudutsa expanses wa dera la Magadan, ena njira zake umadutsa Yakutia, ndi zinthu zili Khabarovsk Gawo.

M'dera la mtsinje beseni ndi chidwi kwambiri - zokwana 643 pakati zikwi sq M.. Km. M'mphepete kumanzere mwagona Kolyma Valley, mwachibadwa kugawa mabeseni wa Kolyma ndi Indigirka. The structural zikuchokera mapiri zikuphatikizapo inclusions angapo a miyala wotsimikiza igneous a nthawi Mesozoic, amene amaonetsetsa pamaso pa madipoziti zagolide m'madera amenewa. chikhalidwe zachiwawa pa phiri imachokera kwa mtsinje ndi mathithi oopsa pang'onopang'ono agonjera ku zigwa za Kolyma lowland pa chidaliro azilandira otaya. Kama kwambiri meander umatanthauza nambala yaikulu manja. Malo ena m'mphepete ndi chidwi kwambiri - ndi umatsuka madzi kutali chiphalaphala miyala, wosasamalira otchedwa "tala", wakale lotayirira madipoziti - malo chonde maphunziro zinthu zakale apeza mafupa a mammoths. M'madera ena kugombe m'madambo kapena yokutidwa ndi matope yomata kuti akhoza kupha nyama ndiponso anthu.

Pambuyo Kolyma Mtsinje okwera msewu anaika kudutsa expanses wa Yakutia - waukulu golide zobala mitsempha wa dziko la Russia. Apa, mbali ya kumanzere-gombe la Kolyma lowland pang'onopang'ono amapatsirana zigwa za Titafika pamalo kumpoto.

Kolyma Mtsinje: inflows

Kumanja kwa mtsinje cha kumpoto chakumadzulo Tambasula ya lubwe-schist Kolyma mapiri okutidwa ndi chidwi zomera coniferous. Apa akuyamba makhwawa onse a Kolyma - Bahapcha, Buyunda, Balygychan, Sugoy, Korkodon, Berezovka, Kamenka, Omolon, Small ndi Large Anuy. Kumanzere makhwawa -. Seimchan, onyamula, Yasachnaya, Popovka, Zyryanka, Ozhogina, Sededema Mtsinje, etc. Osati chabe mwa nthano zakale lolembedwa ndi anthu ameneŵa a kum'mawa Siberia, ndi Kolyma Mtsinje poyerekeza ndi ana ambiri, wokondedwa, kusamalidwa ndi kulera ana 35. Kuti chiwerengero cha makhwawa - kwambiri kapena zochepa zofunika Kolyma mtsinje uko. Malinga ndi nthano, ndakalamba mayi mtsinje anapereka ana ndi udindo: kukhala owolowa manja kwambiri, nsomba, kusamalira anthu omwe ali pafupi. Mmodzi inflow Omolon amayenera kukhala thandizo kwa iye. Ndithudi, kuchuluka izi pamaso pa onse ufulu ayezi m'chaka, kudyetsa Kolyma.

A njira tortuous kwa nyanja

Writhing mbali zonse za Kolyma Mtsinje pa ulendo wake kuchokera kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa kumpoto chakumadzulo, nthawi zina kwambiri kusiya mmbali ndi kupanga bondo yaikulu. Choncho, kwa tributary kumanzere kwa Kolyma Shumikha pa njira yake kumpoto chakumadzulo, ndiyeno apita kum'mwera chakum'mawa, pang'onopang'ono aligns malangizo a kumpoto kwa confluence a Mtsinje ake Zyryanka. Choncho, kupotoza ndi okutira, Kolyma umalandira Vyatkina timapepala kumene kamodzinso anakulunga kum'mwera-kum'mawa, kusintha malangizo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa mzinda Srednekolymsk ndipo kachiwiri akutembenukira kwa kumpoto kum'mawa. malangizowo anakhalabe ndi waukulu Omolon inflows, koma pambuyo confluence a mtsinje Anyuya kumabweza kuti kumpoto ndi kusunga kale mbali iyi kwa Bay mu Ocean Arctic.

Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe meandering mkati mwa kuchuluka kwa otaya. Mwachitsanzo, pansipa Verkhnekolymsk Shipanovskaya otaya amalenga lalikulu m'dera zokwanira Shipanovsky Island ku malire m'munsi mkamwa mtsinje Konyaeva pang'ono ritsa anapanga kubalalika lonse la zilumba lotchedwa lero chilumba. Anachokadi njira yaikulu m'chigawo cha mundawo mitanda Zahrebetnaya ritsa chikugwirizana pa Kolyma Nizhnekolymsk, kupanga yaikulu elongated chilumba 110 Km m'litali ndi m'lifupi kuyambira 10 mpaka 20 Km.

makhalidwe hydrological

Kolyma - kudyetsa mtsinje wosanganiza, makamaka chipale mvula ndi panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira 47% ndipo 42%. 11% imagwera pa kubwezeretsa pansi. M'chaka madzi akutsikira kwambiri, kukwera kokha pamene mvula. Zimachitika ndi yochepa osefukira. Kutentha kwa madzi mu mtsinje zonse otsika, ambiri kuposa kuwuka 10-15 ° C, okhaokha chete wafala yotentha dzuwa madera osaya July akamaliza mwina konzekera kwa 20-22 ° C. Kolyma kuzizira mu October, mu zaka kuzizira - kumapeto kwa September. Amaundana poyambirira pa ayezi kulowerera, ndipo pakutchulidwa wa sludge mapangidwe atapachikidwa madamu ayezi, nthawi imene zimasiyanasiyana masiku 2 mwezi wathunthu.

Free ayezi Kolyma mtsinje pamwamba pa kalendala chilimwe. Kuswa angachoke masiku 2 18, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi kuchulukana chidwi.

kutumiza

Kuyambira m'kamwa mwa mtsinje Bahapchi, Colima amakhala yodutsira. Komabe, kayendedwe zonse ziwiya ikuchitika ku doko Seimchan. Kutalika kwa yogwira nthawi navigation ndi miyezi 4-5. Madoko yaikulu ya Kolyma - Seimchan, Zyryanka, Cherskii.

ntchito anthu

Mu malire kunsi kwa mtsinje anayamba nsomba, m'zigawo za mchere. Wamphamvu wokongola kumpoto mtsinje lero munthu, kumupatsa nsomba osati kokha, komanso magetsi opangidwa pa Kolyma HPP. Zomera opangira magetsi iwo. YI Frishter anamanga pafupi ndi Sinegorye mudzi ndipo amapanga kuchuluka kwa magetsi, zomwe ndi zokwanira 95% derali. Kolyma HPP - yekha siteji chapamwamba malo kugwa hydropower Kolyma. Today itha pomanga Ayenela-Srednekanskaya HPP, ndilo gawo lachiwiri la kugwa kwa. Mu 2013, ife kum'patsa woyamba wagawo hayidiroliki, ndi kutumidwa zonse za siteshoni adzapereka yobweretsa chitetezo a m'dera ndi chitukuko bwino makampani migodi dera.

Ndipo tsopano, munthu wodzala-madzi ndi wamphamvu mokwanira anaphunzira Kolyma Mtsinje. Photos akupezeka m'buku lino kusonyeza kukongola ndi mphamvu, kuthandiza owerenga kuyerekezera chithumwa chodabwitsa kwachinsinsi kumpoto Belle Mtsinje.