Mtundu ndi gulu la mollusks. General maonekedwe a molluscs. ndi malovu England mu molluscs chiyani?

Nkhono ali pakati pa invertebrates amakezana. Kusiyana ndi kukhalapo kwa M'mimbamo thupi ndi sekondale ndi yovuta anakonza ziwalo. Ambiri a iwo ndi chipolopolo Mbali yokhala ngati, amene wokongola otetezedwa bwino ndi thupi lawo akuukira adani angapo.

Habitat kutseka ndi dziko ndi madzi. Ndi kugwirizana zofunika unyolo chakudya, iwo kudya nyama zambiri. Komanso, ambiri a iwo mu magawo oyambirira chitukuko ndi majeremusi nsomba, nthawi zambiri kutumikira monga mosungiramo makamu kwa mphutsi ambiri parasitic. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Ndikufuna kukumbutsa mafani ntchito zokopa alendo, amene Mulimonsemo sangathe kumwa madzi molunjika ku malo lotseguka. Ali opisthorchis madzi mphutsi adzakhala wosangalala kuti m'mimba mwanu, pamene pafupi chiwindi!

Si kawirikawiri kukumbukira ichi, koma mitundu ya mtundu uwu ndi zolusa moyo. Pochita zimenezi, iwo kuthandiza chitukuko cha England malovu. Mwa njira, kodi malovu England mu molluscs? Pansi ambulera ili akuti zikusonyeza sipekitiramu ndithu yotakata ziwalo yeniyeni, yomwe ili mu pharynx ndi M'mimbamo m'kamwa. Iwo apangidwa kuti katulutsidwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana, amene makhalidwe akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri ndi kumvetsa kwathu mawu "malovu".

Monga ulamuliro, ndi mollusks ndi awiriawiri imodzi kapena ziwiri zopangitsa, imene mitundu ina kufika kukula chidwi kwambiri. Kwa mitundu kwambiri nyama chinsinsi, amene iwo kumasula, lili kuchokera 2,18 kuti 4,25% asidi reagent kalasi sulfuric. Imathandiza onse pokana zilombo zolusa komanso nyama pa achibale awo (asidi sulfuric mwangwiro amasungunula zipolopolo Mbali yokhala ngati). Ndicho chimene England malovu a mollusks.

Other mtengo zachilengedwe

Ambiri a mitundu ya slugs ndi nkhono, kuwononga kwambiri kuti ulimi padziko lonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndi nkhono kumathandiza kwambiri mankhwalawa madzi lonse lapansi, chifukwa iwo kupereka ntchito osasankhidwa kuchokera mwa iwo organic. M'mayiko ambiri, lalikulu bivalves zimaŵetedwa ku minda m'madzi, ngati iwo ali lofunika chakudya mankhwala, amene muli zambiri zomanga thupi. Izi oimira nkhono (Nkhono ndi nkhono) ngakhale ntchito zakudya zakudya.

Mu zakale USSR Pangozi ankaona kamodzi 19 oimira mtundu wakale. Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana molluscs, iwo ayenera kulandira chithandizo ndi chisamaliro, ngati iwo ali kwambiri kuti uziyenda bwino za malo ambiri achilengedwe.

Nthawi zambiri, nkhono osiyana kufunika zothandiza kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngale misa ayipanga ambiri m'mayiko a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, monga mtundu umenewu wa ndi katundu ngale achilengedwe. Ena ngale ndi wofunika kwambiri mankhwala, mankhwala ndi ndondomeko mafakitale.

Kodi mukufuna kudziwa zosangalatsa za nkhono? Kale ndi Zapakati, cephalopods zina inconspicuous anali maziko a moyo wa m'mayiko, chifukwa iwo yotengedwa wapatali wofiirira, amene wodetsedwa ndi zovala zachifumu ndi mwinjiro otchuka!

mtundu nkhono

Okwana ali oposa 130 000 mitundu (inde, osaneneka zosiyanasiyana molluscs). Ngale pa chiwerengero kuposa okha arthropods, ndi wachiwiri wambiri zamoyo padziko lapansili. Ambiri a iwo amakhala ku madzi, ndi kokha ochepa mitundu asankha monga malo awo m'dziko zogona.

makhalidwe General

Pafupifupi nyama zonse zomwe ndi gawo la mtundu yodziwika ndi mbali angapo omwe. Apa akutengedwa lero khalidwe wamkulu wa nkhono:

• Choyamba, zitatu wosanjikiza. kachitidwe kawo matupi anapanga kuchokera ectoderm, endoderm ndi mesoderm.
• Chosokonekera amgwirizano mtundu anachititsa kusamutsidwa kwambiri zambiri matupi awo.
• Non-segmented thupi, nthawi zambiri, ndi otetezeka olimba anajambulapo lakuya.
• Pali khungu khola (chofunda), amene unakhala zonse za thupi lawo.
• Ndi kayendedwe bwino kumatanthauza minofu outgrowth (mwendo).
• Coelomic M'mimbamo bwino kwambiri chionetsedwe.
• Pali pafupifupi chiwalo dongosolo yemweyo (mwa maonekedwe chosavuta, kumene), komanso nyama apamwamba.

Motero, khalidwe wamkulu wa nkhono limasonyeza kuti patsogolo pathu - ndithu akupangidwa koma nyama achikale. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti nsombayi kholo yaikulu ambiri zamoyo padziko lathuli. Chifukwa ndi losavuta kumva, timapereka tebulo lomwe mwatsatanetsatane utoto makhalidwe a ziwiri makalasi ambiri.

mfundo zambiri

Mu gastropods thupi akadali symmetrical, ngakhale bivalve mitundu mwaonapo. Kudulidwa kwa thupi mu zigawo asungidwa mu mitundu wosazindikira kwambiri. thupi Secondary M'mimbamo anapereka thumba ozungulira minofu mtima ndi ziwalo kugonana. Danga lonse pakati pa matupi kwathunthu wodzazidwa ndi parenchyma.

Thunthu mitundu yambiri ya mollusks akhoza kugawidwa mu Dipatimenti zotsatirazi:

• Mutu.
• Torso.
• Minofu mwendo imene kuyenda.

mitundu yonse bivalve mutu kwathunthu yafupika. Pansi footed anatanthauza chachikulu akulu dzanja evolves patsinde pa khoma m'mimba. Near m'munsi mwa khungu thupi ndipamene miinjiro lalikulu zilimba zake. Pakati ndi thupi pali M'mimbamo m'malo lalikulu limene matupi awa ili: ndi makutu, ndi mfundo za machitidwe kugonana ndi excretory. chobvala kuti amatulutsa zinthu zomwe amachitira ndi madzi kupanga chipolopolo olimba.

Chipolopolo akhoza kukhala mwina olimba kwathunthu, ndipo zigwirizana kuli nthambi ziwiri kapena mbale kwambiri. The zikuchokera m'chimake izi akulowa kwambiri mpweya woipa (kumene, m'chigawo omangidwa - CaCO ₃₎ ndipo conchiolin, wapadera organic mankhwala amene apanga ndi thupi la mollusk lapansi. Komabe, mitundu ya mollusc chipolopolo kwathunthu kapena pang'ono yafupika. Mu slugs kwa izo panali chabe kakang'ono zamitundu mbale.

Zochita za dongosolo m'mimba

gastropods

Kumapeto patsogolo pa mutu uli pakamwa. Thupi waukulu ndi wamphamvu, akulu lilime, limene yokutidwa ndi pacimake chitin rasp (radula). Mothandizidwa ndi cochlea ndi anafukula algae kapena zina organic ❖ kuyanika pa pamalo onse paulendowo. Mitundu zolusa (chomwe timakambirana pansipa) chinenero kubadwanso Zikuluzikulu kugawa okhwima, amene anafuna kutsegula zipolopolo za mollusks ena.

Ife cones (a amene ayankhidwa payokha), ena zigawo za radula ndi kudzalamulira pakamwa ndi kupanga mtundu wa harpoon. Ndi thandizo lawo, nthumwi izi za nkhono kwenikweni anaponya njoka awo mu wovulalayo. Ena zolusa chinenero gastropods wakhala wapadera "kubowola", iwo monga kubowola zibowo chigoba cha nyama yake kubaya njoka.

bivalve

M'malo mwake, zonse ndi zosavuta. Iwo basi sakutakataka pansi (kapena popachika mwamphamvu Ufumuyo gawo lapansi ndi), profiltrovyvaya thupi lake mazana malita a madzi ndi nkhani kusungunuka organic. particles osasankhidwa kulowa mwachindunji mu mimba onenepa.

m'mapapo

Ambiri a mitundu amapuma kudzera makutu. Pali "kutsogolo" ndi "kumbuyo" mitundu. Poyamba makutu a zili kutsogolo kwa thupi ndi nsonga wonena. Choncho, ngati wachiwiri nsonga uyang'ana m'mbuyo. Ena nudibranchs anataya makutu awo m'njira lenileni la mawu. Izi ngale zikuluzikulu kupuma mwachindunji kudzera pakhungu.

Kuti tichite zimenezi, iwo anayamba wapadera thupi khungu dziphunzitsiranso mtundu. Mitundu lapadziko ndi sekondale mollusks m'madzi (makolo awo kachiwiri anabwerera ku madzi) a chovala gawo atakulungidwa, kupanga mtundu wa kuwala, makoma a omwe atagonjetsa ndi mitsempha kuli. Kupuma nkhono amenewa amaukitsidwa pamwamba madzi ndi mwa kundipatsako mpweya kulembedwa ntchito ndi spiracles wapadera. Mtima, yomwe ili kutali na dongosolo kupuma, losavuta "kumanga" tichipeza atrium wina ndi ventricle.

Makalasi chachikulu ndi gawo la mtundu

Monga mtundu agawa wa nkhono? Makalasi a molluscs (a okwana ndalama zisanu ndi zitatu), "korona" atatu ochuluka kuposa:

• Gastropods (Gastropoda). Izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu yambirimbiri ya nkhono zamitundu yonse, mbali yaikulu ya ndilo liwiro otsika kuyenda ndi bwino anayamba akulu phazi.
• Bivalves (Bivalvia). Chipolopolo kuli nthambi ziwiri. Monga ulamuliro, mamembala onse a gulu la mitundu amangokhala, kulalikira. Kodi onse kusuntha kudzera miyendo akulu ndi kudzera ndege adaponya, ejecting madzi otentha kwambiri.
• Cephalopod (Cephalopoda). ngale makina, scallops kapena wosakana palimodzi, kapena ndi mu Chiyambi chake.

Amene aliyense ali nawo mu mtundu wa nkhono? molluscs makalasi ndi osiyanasiyana: kuwonjezera onse pamwamba, pali tusk chipolopolo, Tubular ndi caudofoveata, solenogastres ndi monoplacophora. Onse a iwo tsopano tikukhala ndi wotukuka.

Kodi mtundu wa mollusks malasha muli? makalasi molluscs kuti kale zikutha:

• Rostroconchia.
• Tentaculites.

Mwa njira kulankhula ndi monoplacophora chomwecho mpaka 1952 ankatengedwa zinatha kwathunthu, koma nthawi sitimayo "Galatea" ndi kafukufuku ulendo m'ngalawa nsomba zamoyo zingapo zatsopano kuti apatsidwa latsopano mitundu Neopilina galatheae. Monga mukuonera, dzina la mtundu wa nkhono anapatsidwa m'malo mwa chotengera kafukufuku amene anawapeza. Komabe, kuchita sayansi, si zachilendo: Mitundu zambiri anasankha polemekeza anatulukira wofufuza awo.

Choncho n'zotheka kuti zaka zonse wotsatira ndi latsopano kafukufuku ntchito adzatha zathu mtundu wa nkhono: ngale makalasi, amene tsopano amaonedwa kukhala zinatha, zikhoza kusungidwa penapake mu kuya kuya kwa nyanja.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Monga zachilendo mmene zingamvekere, mmodzi wa ogwirira owopsa zodabwitsa pa dziko amaonedwa ... mwakuwoneka chabwinobwino nkhono. Mwachitsanzo, cones nkhono (balati. Conidae), poizoni kuti ndi zachilendo kuti ntchito kupanga mankhwala amakono a mitundu ina ya mankhwala kawirikawiri. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, dzina la banja nkhono ali ndi zifukwa zomveka. mawonekedwe awo ndi zoona kwambiri ngati phirilo truncated.

Iwo akhoza kukhala akhama alenje yekha mwankhanza cholimbana ndi nyama floodplain. Kumene, monga yotsirizira ndi ambiri atsamunda, mitundu amangokhala, monga kwa nkhono zina chabe sangathe kuchita. Wozunzidwayo ndi kukula kwake mwina upambana kakhumi mlenje. Mukufuna kudziwa zambiri zosangalatsa za nkhono? Inde chonde!

Pa njira ya nkhono kusaka

Nthawi zambiri mollusc wonyenga amagwiritsa ntchito thupi ake amphamvu kwambiri, wamphamvu akulu phazi. Iwo akhoza Ufumuyo kupanga ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi ntchito ya gulu la makilogalamu 20! Zolusa nkhono ndi yokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, kuti "nsomba" wa oyisitara akutsegula pasanathe ola limodzi ndi gulu la pogwiritsa khumi zokha! Mwachidule, moyo wa molluscs ndi woopsa kwambiri kuposa kuganiza za izo ...

Palinso mitundu ina ya gastropods ndi chiyani safuna kukankhira mokoma prosverlivaya kupanga lakuya ndi Zikuluzikulu wapadera. Ndizo basi njira yosavuta mwamsanga kuti kuitana pa zonse chokhumba. Choncho, pamene makulidwe a chipolopolo yekha 0.1 mamilimita inabala pangatenge maola 13! Eya, njira ya "kusaka" ndi oyenera okha nkhono ...

Yanyumba!

Kupasuka chipolopolo ena ndi mwini wake, nkhono ntchito asidi sulfuric (mukudziwa kale zimene malovu England mu mollusks). Popeza chiwonongeko zosavuta ndipo mofulumira. Kamodzi dzenje chikachitika, ndi chilombo amayamba pang'onopang'ono kudya kutali nyama yake ku "phukusi", kugwiritsa ntchito Zikuluzikulu awo. Kumlingo, thupi ili akhoza bwinobwino kuonedwa ndi analogue za manja athu, chifukwa amagwira ntchito adani ndi kugwira nyama. Komanso, Crane ndi zambiri kukopeka m'njira choposa kutalika kwa thupi la msaki lapansi.

Umo ndi momwe nkhono akhoza kupeza nyamazo ngakhale ming'alu kwambiri ndi zipolopolo lalikulu. Apanso, ndi wochokera Zikuluzikulu mu thupi wovulalayo jekeseni poizoni amphamvu, ozikidwa pa asidi mankhwala koyera sulfuric (kumasulidwa ku "wosalakwa" wa zopangitsa ndi malovu). Mwachidule, tsopano inu mukudziwa chimodzimodzi chimene England malovu mu molluscs ndi chifukwa chimene iwo ayenera izo.