Mitundu ya nsomba ndi malo awo

Msodzi aliyense wodzilemekeza amadziŵa ndithu kuti pali nsomba zambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zomwe zilipo, zamoyozi ndizovuta, koma nsomba zimakhala zochepa kuchokera ku nyanja kupita ku mtsinje, ndi zina zotero. M'nkhani ino tidzakambirana za nsomba zomwe zili, kumene amakhala komanso zomwe ziri zosiyana ndi mitundu yosiyana siyana. Tikukhulupirira kuti mutha kupeza mfundo izi zothandiza!

Pang'ono ponena za nsomba

Pisces ndi zinyama zam'madzi za maxillary nyama zomwe zimapuma mu mitsempha. Iwo akhoza kukhala pafupi ndi dziwe lililonse: mchere ndi watsopano, kuyambira mitsinje ndi kutha ndi nyanja. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, nsomba ndizovuta, chifukwa zimakhala ndi mafupa amkati mkati mwake.

Mitundu ya mbalame zam'madzi padziko lonse lapansi zaka zingapo zapitazo zinali zoposa 34 miliyoni. Mu sayansi pali gawo lapaderadera lodzipereka powerenga nsomba. Amatchedwa ichthyology.

Mitundu ya nsomba

Monga momwe zimadziwira, mitundu ya nsomba ndi gawo lalikulu mu chiphunzitso cha ichthyology. Inde, mosakayikira, asayansi amathera nthawi yochuluka akuphunzira nyamazi. Nsomba ndizo za mtundu wamtundu, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, koma nsomba iliyonse ili ndi zizindikiro zake.

Physiology ndi mtundu wa nsomba

Zamoyo zonse zomwe zili m'gulu la nsomba zili ndi khungu ndi mamba (osati kuphatikizapo zochepa). Khunguli liri ndi mitundu iwiri: epidermis ndi udzu. Epidermis imabisa chinsinsi chomwe chimalola khungu kutetezedwa. Pa mapangidwe a mamba, mbola imakhala ndi ntchito yofunikira - mkati mwa khungu.

Nsomba za Bony, mosiyana ndi ena, zimakhala ndi masikelo osiyanasiyana. Mitundu ya nsomba, makamaka ndondomeko, ndi nsomba za mtunduwu kapena mtundu umenewo, zindikirani zomwe zimapezeka m'matumbo. Kotero, mu sturgeon mamba ganoid. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku mapaipi ophimbidwa ndi ganoid. Masikelo a nsomba za nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'masiku athu, zimatchedwa elasmoid ndipo zimagawanika mozungulira ndi dentate. Masikelo ali ndi makonzedwe omwe amalola mbale zam'tsogolo kutsogolo kumbuyo. Osati kale kwambiri, asayansi apeza kuti chifukwa cha chisa pamwamba pa mamba a scalloped, malo a hydrodynamics akuwonjezeka m'madzi a madzi.

Kujambula nsomba kumakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu, komanso, mitundu ina ndi "chenjezo", yomwe imathandiza kuti thupi likhale lotetezeka, kukhala pafupi ndi chilombo. Ndiponso, mitundu imatha kukhala yotumbululuka, mchenga, mchenga. Zonse zimadalira chilengedwe, maonekedwe a matupi a madzi. Mitundu ya nsomba, zida zawo ndi zotani.

Nsomba za minofu ndizo kayendedwe ka mafupa ndi mafupa. Zikuoneka kuti poyamba anali ndi magawo atatu, koma ziwalo zinasintha mchira. Sungani nsomba mwachindunji ndi chithandizo cha zipsepse zolimbitsa ndi zopanda kanthu. Komanso, chifukwa cha mapepalawo, amachita zinthu zovuta.

Nkhumba za zinyama zam'madzi zam'madzi zimakhala zowonongeka, ndipo zamoyo zam'nyumba zakuda. Nsomba zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito fungo la caudal monga "injini" yaikulu. Msana wa nsomba umapangidwira chifukwa chosiyana ndi zowonongeka. Nsomba yosambira imakhala chifukwa cha kupweteka kwa minofu, yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi msana.

Minofu ya nsomba ili ndi "pang'onopang'ono" ndi "msanga" minofu. Iwo ali ndi lingaliro labwino kwambiri la kukhudza ndi kununkhiza, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitsogoleredwa mwangwiro ku malo omwe ali, ndi kupewa malo osayenera. Zokhumudwitsa zambiri zimakhala ndi mtima wawiri, njira yozungulira, njira yotsekemera. Mwazi umayenda m'magazi ndi minofu kuchokera pansi pamtima.

Chakudya cha zamoyo izi ndi izi: nsomba zimagwira chakudya pochigwira ndi mano. Chakudya chochokera mkamwa chiyenera kumakhala pammero, kenako mpaka mmimba, kumene chimapangidwira ndi michere kuchokera ku mimba ya m'mimba. Nsomba zili ndi chakudya chabwino kwambiri. Amatha kudya plankton, zinyenyeswazi, mphutsi, zina mwachangu, ndi ena akuluakulu oimira kalasi. Koma kawirikawiri, nsomba ndi zowopsya, zowononga ndi zotsutsana. Chomwe chimakondweretsa kwambiri, ambiri amatha kusintha mtundu wawo wa chakudya, mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa moyo pali zinyama zapadziko lapansi ndi plankton, ndipo akuluakulu akudya ochepa kapena akuluakulu omwe akuyimira chilengedwe.

Nsomba zimakhala ndi mavuto, mwachitsanzo, kupanikizika kwawo kungakhale kocheperapo kusiyana ndi chilengedwe, koma chifukwa chakuti zamoyozi zili ndi urea wokwanira, vutoli limayendetsedwa.

Kutsiliza

Motero, tingathe kuona kuti nsomba ndizosiyana kwambiri, ndipo zimakhala ndi zosiyana, kukula, zakudya, khalidwe. Onse a iwo ndi osiyana, ndi asodzi, asanamwe nsomba, tiyenera kuphunzira za iwo onse!