Mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa zipangizo kubukitsa. The magnification chipangizo

Kodi ukudziwa zipangizo lokulitsira? 5 kalasi ya sekondale - nthawi ino, pamene tinayamba kukakumana nawo. Pa maphunziro ana kuphunzira zofunika kwambiri kwa chipangizo awo ndi Mlengi. Kodi mukufuna kulidziwa bwino iwo? Kapena mwina inu alikusasanyira phunziro pa "Magnifiers" (kalasi 5)? Mulimonsemo, tili ndi chinachake choti ndikuuzeni inu.

mandala wakale

History of anapeza magnification kumayambira kutali kale. Tinafika lalikulu plano-otukukira kunja mandala - wakale kwambiri. awiri yake - 55 mamilimita ndi Utali - pafupifupi 150 mm. Linapangidwa wa thanthwe amaoneka kuti 2,5 zikwi. BC. e. Iye anapeza mu 1890 pa zofukulidwa wa Schliemann Troy. Pafupifupi 600-400 zaka. BC. e. Tinayamba kutulutsa magalasi galasi. Iwo anapezeka mu Sarigoni (ichi Mesopotamia). Mu Sweden, pawiri mandala awiri a masentimita 5 anapezeka mu 1877, ndi otukukira kunja mbali zonse. Zimatanthauza chaka 500 BC. e. Inu mukhoza kumapitirira ndi pa mndandanda wa magalasi wamkulu, amene akatswiri ena anapeza. History of anapeza magnification ali mfundo zambiri. Ngakhale izi, za momwe iwo ankachitira mu masiku amenewo, ife tikhoza amanena.

Chopereka Roger Bacon

akatswiri a masiku ano yodziwa kufotokoza bwino magalasi yotentha ndi Roger Bacon, wansembe wa Francis kuti (zaka za moyo -. 1214-1294 gg). Iye anali nawo maphunziro a University Oxford ndi anatchuka kwambiri monga woganiza otchuka ndi sikolala. Mandala, monga mwa ntchito yake, ntchito kuwonjezera fano. Amamasulira mpukutu wa ntchito zikutanthauza kuti Bacon anatha molondola pofotokoza ntchito ya mandala, amene anali ngati n'zosiyana Chosololera mandala (ndi malongosoledwe zithunzi chimodzi cha chitoliro a).

Mtengo wa Galileo Galilei

History of atulukira kubukitsa zipangizo ndi zodabwitsa popanda dzina la munthuyo. Pafupifupi zaka 300 pambuyo pa imfa ya Bacon, Galileo Galilei, wotchuka wasayansi ku Italy, analenga chubu ofanana. Izo sizinali atatu, ndi ziwiri zikuluzikulu. Mumakhala "anzake" a zakutali ndi maso. Akukhulupirira kuti alitcha chikuoneka ku Galileya. Galileo anakankhira makinawa ndipo anaona kuti zinthu zazing'ono ngati zimenezi zikhoza kuwonjezeka wabwino. D. Viviani chikutsimikizira kuti maso ndi kupangidwa ndi Galileo. Viviani, ndi njira, analemba nkhani yonena za wasayansi Italy.

Chochitika chofunika kwa nkhani sayansi ya anapeza magnification anali kupereka mu 1625. Zinali ndiye kuti Faber, membala wa Roma Academy, anayambitsa mawu akuti "maso" poyerekezera ndi kuyambitsa yotentha ndi Galileo.

Tidawalenga Drebel ndi Alkmar, chitukuko Torah ndi Hooke

History of atulukira maso kuti apitirize kugwira ntchito K. Drebelya Alkmara. Izi asayansi Dutch amanga chipangizo wopangidwa ndi magalasi awiri otukukira kunja. Ndi chithunzi ichi wa chinthu, amene ankaona pansi iye, inali kuperekedwa mozondoka. maso Izi pawiri, amene anali doubly kapena plano eyepiece ndi lenticular mandala imatengedwa n'zofanana pawiri microscopes Patapita nthawi (a iwo anapereka m'munsimu mu chithunzi).

Chitaliyana Torah padziko 1660 opangidwa ozungulira galasi lokulitsira la madontho mazira galasi. History of atulukira maso ndi zodabwitsa popanda dzina kuti, kuyambira ndi magnifier Italy kumkuza zinthu kuloledwa theka zikwi.

Mukulankhula za chinachake dzina lina - Robert Guk? Izi wasayansi British wapanga chopereka kwambiri Kupezeka kwa zipangizo kubukitsa. Robert Guk bwino iwo moti wakhala umodzi wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya Optics. Chiwembu Hooke maso chithunzi zikusonyezedwa pansipa.

Ndiyamika Kutulukira izi, mu 1665, Robert anali kuona selo loyamba pa gawo la pulagi lapansi. Choncho yofunika njira luso kupeza sayansi monga zamoyo. zipangizo kusonyeza ukulimbiralimbirabe Leeuwenhoek. Ndipo auze za izo.

Leeuwenhoek ndi zimene anachita

Chochititsa chidwi chopereka kwa mbiri ya magnification anakhazikitsa A. V. Levenguk, ndi munthu wa ku Netherlands amene ankakhala mu mzinda ngati Delft. Zaka za moyo wake - 1632-1723 gg. Iye paokha cholinga ndi ntchito maphunziro yosavuta maso (imodzi mwa zitsanzo za zipangizozi chili m'munsimu) kuti akhoza ziwonjezeke kwa nthawi mazana atatu.

Iwo Leeuwenhoek anali kufotokoza woyamba wa zamoyo tosaoneka (monga mabakiteriya ndi unicellular), zochokera amanena. Mu 1698, Peter Ine, Russian Tsar, anapita kwa wofufuza wotchuka. Petro anali kuti nthawi mu Netherlands ndipo amadziwika kuti chidwi zonse zikhale zatsopano. Pakuti Kunstkammer wake, iwo kutsegula mu St. Petersburg, anaugula microscopes zingapo zovuta kwambiri. Ndipo patapita nthawi yaitali, pambuyo kutsegula kwa Academy of Sciences, iwo anayikidwa pa kutaya gulu.

Ntchito asayansi Russian ku Academy of Sciences

Phunziro "Magnifiers" ayenera mulinso nkhani ya kupambana mu oimira Optics dziko lathu. Zingamuthandize asayansi Russian amene ntchito kutsogoleredwa ndi MV Lomonosov, anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufuku kwachilengedwenso kugula Peter Ine microscopes. Ndipo anatenga nawo mbali kusintha awo.

Inayambira magnification anapitiriza 1747. Zinali ndiye kuti Euler, membala wa Academy of Sciences wa St. Petersburg (zaka za moyo -. 1707-1783 gg), akufuna ntchito maikulosikopu achromatic mandala. The ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya sayansi iyi m'munda wa Optics geometrical - "Dioptrics". Amakhala ndi mabuku atatu, amene anali kufalitsidwa mu 1769-1771 gg. The maso zatsopano achromatic linatuluka mu 1802, ntchito yolalikira linasindikizidwa Elinusa (komanso membala wa Academy of Sciences wa St. Petersburg).

maikulosikopu chonchi pa nthawi imene anali wangwiro moti asayansi ngakhale kulola maganizo kuti akhoza bwino. kupezeka inavuta kwambiri pa nthawi. The chipangizo magnification Elinusa anali motere. Iwo anapatsidwa magalasi asanu, izo zikanakhala zotheka kuonjezera kusintha bwino anasintha mtunda kuchokera chinthu fanolo. Ndi dziko lathu anabadwa, ndipo anakhala chenicheni kwa yofunika lingaliro sayansi achromatic maso ndi variable magnification. Komabe, dongosolo kuti zochitika zina nkhabe cibodzi. Kusintha kuonjezera chipangizo ndi mbiya kutalika lamulo Komabe, zinali mfundo yofunika kuti wapanga chopereka kwambiri pa mbiri ya chitukuko cha zipangizo kuwala. Lero mmodzi wa microscopes analenga Elinusom, Tingaone pa Polytechnic Museum mu Moscow, umene uli ku Institute of History, Natural Sciences and Technology. chithunzi m'munsimu limasonyeza zipangizo lokulitsira za thupi m'ma 18.

Komanso kusintha microscopes ndi

I. G. Tideman, ndi German dokotala wa maso ku mzinda wa Stuttgart, m'zaka za m'ma 19 anayamba chilengedwe cha awiri achromatic maso. Dorpat University (tsopano ndi dzina Tartu) anam'patsa ndalama kugwira ntchito. Mu 1808 izo anapereka zipangizo izi.

Mu 1807, chaka asanalengedwe maso achromatic, Van Dale Dutch dokotala wa maso, lofalitsidwa ntchito yake. Zinali ikulongosola za mamangidwe a maso achromatic, zidalengedwa mwa iye. Western mbiri yakale European amakhulupirira kuti poyamba chida ngati zogwira khalidwe wakhala analengedwa ndi ichi maso wasayansi. Komabe, m'zonse otsika kumanga Elinusom. Mwa njira, achromatic microscopes J. Fraunhofer, inakhazikitsa mu 1811, ali kwambiri ungwiro kamangidwe, ngati mukuziyenereza iwo ndi microscopes Elinusa.

Russian microscopes m'zaka 19

Mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19, zipangizo lokulitsira kale opangidwa ku malo ambiri padziko lapansi. Mu Russia, kupanga wawo unayamba m'zaka za m'ma 18. Komabe, kuchepa kwa chiyambi cha m'ma 19. Amadziwika kuti padziko 1820 mwachilungamo apamwamba microscopes opangidwa msonkhano wa kupanga Optics, ndi pa yunivesite ya Kazan. Komabe, komabe sanaone chitukuko mofulumira makampani mu Russia, monga boma la nthawi ankakhulupirira kuti njira yabwino ndi kugula zipangizo ndi lokulitsira kunja.

Zopereka Optics ndi Giambattista Amici

Amichi Dzhambattista (zaka za moyo -. 1786-1863 gg) - wotchuka wa ku Italy wasayansi dokotala wa maso, zakuthambo ndi katswiri. Zaka zambiri za moyo wake Yoswa kuti chitukuko cha wamamamayikirosikopu. Mu 1827 Amici yekha ndi kupangidwa achromatic mandala, amene adali ndi kabowo wa 0,60 ndi wabwino aberration uphungu. Izi wasayansi chomwecho mu 1844 anayamba nacho mu ntchito ya maubatizo amadzimadzi ndi mafuta. Chifukwa cha iwo, unayambitsidwa mandala ndi kabowo n'zosangalatsa kumva za 1,30 ndi kumizidwa m'madzi.

microscopes Abbe

Zipangizo ndi mafuta kumiza ndi kabowo wa 1.50 (amene ntchito lero) anayamba cha ntchito yabwino ya Ernst Abbe, ndi Optics German. Iye anatulukira lamulo sine, imene kunatha chikomokere anati m'minda yaing'ono liniya. E. Abbe anapitiriza kukhala chiphunzitso chakuti magnification kulingalira. Iye Mukalongosola nkhani ndi kuthetsa mphamvu ya zipangizozi. Abbe anali mtsogoleri ntchito kulenga mndandanda wa mkulu khalidwe achromatic maso. Anafika kabowo n'zosangalatsa kumva za 1,50. zida awa ochokera kampani Jena "Karl Zeiss" (1872). Pakampaniyo motsogozedwa E. Abbe anapanga 8 apo. Ndipo mu 1888, antchito ake apanga apo, amene adali ndi kabowo wa 1,60 ndipo anali monobromnaftalinovuyu kumiza.

anatulukira posachedwapa Optics

Asayansi Russian D. S. Rozhdestvensky ndi L. I. Mandelshtam Ernst anayamba chiphunzitso m'mabuku ake. An phindu zofunika za Khirisimasi kuti iye anayambitsa maganizo kuwala ndi incoherent. R. Richter, "Karl Zeiss" wogwila ntchito wa kampani, zachitika ndipo anapatsidwa setifiketi kwa wapadera kuyatsa chipangizo ntchito mu maso a. Komabe, kwa tsiku lino mwamsanga vuto la mungachite mulingo woyenera chiŵerengero cha magalasi mosinthana ndi machitidwe kuyatsa. microscopes zoweta lero ali abwino monga pa kapangidwe luso ndi magawo kuwala chipangizo, analengedwa ndi makampani otchuka kunja.

Kotero, ife mwachidule mbiri ya chiyambi cha microscopes ano. Akutukuka phunziro "Magnifiers" (kalasi 5), mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo anapereka nkhaniyi.