Mawu chidwi zokhudza

N'zovuta ngakhale kuti mndandanda wa olemba otchuka, Anzeru ndi asayansi, amene ali mawu osiyanasiyana za chibadwa. nkhaniyi umasinthasintha chidwi anthu, chifukwa iwo ayesetsa kwambiri kuti tisanthule malo athu onse, pafupifupi dziko limene tikukhalali. Ndipo pamwamba pa zonse, ngakhale kuti m'chilengedwe zimaoneka kukhala ziwembu zopulula, anapatsa nzeru zapadera. Ndipo Ine ndinena Mwachitsanzo, Erazm Rotterdamsky amakhulupirira kuti khalidwe limeneli walola mayi athu wamba, amene ali osiyanasiyana, kupanga ife ofanana. Ndi zosowa zakale ndakatulo Lucretius ankanena kuti chilengedwe pa maziko a dongosolo ake mkati, zomwe ife akudziwa, ndi kutulutsa ku miyoyo yathu mantha, kuphatikizapo asanafe.

Pa chikhalidwe ndi malamulo ake

Kuyambira kale, anthu ankakhulupirira kuti dziko lonse si wachisokonezo, koma mwadongosolo. chikhalidwe chimenecho ali malamulo zake zimene tikuzidziwa. Ndi, mwa mawu a Cicero, akutionetsa kuti chitsanzo. Ziganizo za chikhalidwe zambiri za mmene munthu tingalandire zimene amaona. Makamaka, Frensis Bekon ananena kuti tiyenera kuzindikira malamulo a chilengedwe ndi kuwamvera. Zinali ndiye kuti tidzatha kugonjetsa zachilengedwe. Komano, mawu mmene olemba, makamaka kufufuza choonadi, tiyeni mukuona "chikhalidwe" si osati kwambiri mwadongosolo clockwork, monga ngati scamp ankasewera amene nyambo anthu. Nzosadabwitsa Denis Diderot anakuyerekeza kukongola ayi. Nature akutionetsa ngati kuchokera pansi miinjiro wake gawo limodzi kululutira ake, ndiye ena. Choncho amapereka chiyembekezo kwa anthu amene amachita chidwi ndi izo, nthawi kuti muzisangalala yonse.

Pa chilengedwe chokongola

Anthu anzeru analankhula osati chabe za ubwino odziwa dzikoli, iwo chidwi kukongola kwake. Lev Tolstoy ankakhulupirira kuti mphamvu ya chisangalalo ndi mtima kuphimba ife ndi amalingalira amenewa makamaka akulankhula za umodzi wina umene ulipo pakati pa ife ndi lonse la chilengedwe. Monga kukumbukira izo zobisika mu kuya kwa nthawi. Ziganizo za chilengedwe, makamaka kukongola kwake ndi ungwiro, ngati ife zimabweretsa lingaliro la abwino, amene ife bwinobwino aiwala, koma likuoneka patsogolo pathu. Choncho Kant, akulankhula za aesthetics, ati kuti ife angagwirizanitse kwa chikhalidwe cha cholinga chimene sichiri mwa iwo, koma mwa ife. Choncho timatha kuona kukongola mu izo. Koma Ruskin limanena kuti pacified chithunzi atakalamba pa madzi bata, ndi mtengo kwambiri kwa ife.

Ziganizo za chikhalidwe ndi munthu

Poyerekeza ubale pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe, ena otchuka zambiri afike pomvetsetsa chisoni kuti anthu si mfulu ndi zinyama. Montaigne chisoni chifukwa chakuti anthu kumeneko ndi akapolo ndi abambo, ndi kavalo kapena mkango ndi achibale awo. Goethe ananena kuti motsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha munthu amadziwa bodza ayi, palibe kunyozedwa. Izo ndi zoona, okhwima ndi zoona. Tikalankhula ndi mumalakwitsa yekha tokha. Marx anafunsa yekha za patsogolo. Iye anadabwa kuti n'chifukwa chiyani, chogonjetsa chikhalidwe, anthu kupanga akapolo a ena kapena eni wokha ali atumiki a nkhanza zake?

Ziganizo za chikhalidwe ndi zachilengedwe

Popeza ife kale ndi anayambitsa Marxism, tiyenera kubwereza mawu otchuka a Chichewa. Iye ananena kuti munthu amakonda amasirira kunkhondo pa chikhalidwe. Koma kuchita zimenezi si: kungakhale kubwezera pa ife aliyense wa kupambana kwathu. Current lonse zachilengedwe ngoziyo ya Chernobyl ku Fukushima ndi nkhalango Amazon, ndithu n'kutsimikizira mawu aulosi amenewa. Ndipotu wa m'nthawi ya Jules Verne Chichewa anachenjeza kuti chikhalidwe cha wozenga mlandu akuopsa anthu, amene waimirira pa khomo lanu. Iye amadziwa zolakwa zanu zonse Kuzemba chilamulo, ndi chilango mosalephera.