Matenda a bondo olowa. thumba bondo

Matenda a bondo olowa (Sinelnikov R. D. ndi ena takambiranazi mwatsatanetsatane) imavuta kwambiri. olowa izi mu thupi la munthu lili ndi ziwalo zambiri. Kugwirizana zimatengera pa katundu ovuta kwambiri, kulemera kugawa, kangapo wamkulu kuposa yake. olowa Kuvuta chifukwa ziwalo constituent. Awa ndi mafupa waukulu wa malekezero a m'munsi.

Mapangidwe olowa zokhudza mafupa atatu. N'zokhudza wamphamvu zida articular, womwenso olowa kapisozi, Mitsemphayi ndi bursae. Olowa lonse yotengeka ndi minofu mwendo.

Kapangidwe ka bondo olowa

Bondo tichipeza mafupa atatu, minofu, kuonetsetsa kayendedwe ake, molekezera mitsempha ndi mitsempha, meniscus, cruciate Mitsemphayi. Chotero dongosolo zovuta chifukwa katundu mkulu. Matenda a bondo olowa amatonthoza pazipita paulendo pa 2 m'makona. Mu anyani, kapangidwe ndi yosavuta kwambiri zikomo ku malekezero 4.

Pamwamba pa femur (condyles) ali mawonekedwe a ellipsoids. The condyle medial ali kupindika wamkulu kuposa lateral. Pakati condyles ali suprapatellaris pamwamba. Malowa ali pamtunda kutsogolo kwa femur ndi poyambira ofukula lagawidwa mu ang'onoang'ono mkati ndi kunja mbali wamkulu. N'zokhudza kumbuyo pamalo articular wa patella lapansi.

Condyles pang'ono concave, ndi sagwirizana kwa anaŵerama ndi kupindika wa condyles wa femur lapansi. Ngakhale zikusiyana ichi, interarticular chichereŵechereŵe (mkati ndi kunja meniscus) agwirizane izo.

Ntchito ndi gulu

Bondo olowa angachichite kayendedwe zotsatirazi: flexion, extension kasinthasintha. Khalidwe la condylar olowa. Mu ukugwirizana menisci ali wothinikizidwa, iwo decompressed pamene wopindidwa. Chifukwa Mitsemphayi ina ali omasuka ku udindo uwu ndi mfundo zawo kuphatikana ali pafupi wina ndi mnzake, pali kuthekera kwa kayendedwe - kasinthasintha.

Pamene limazungulira pa tibia mkati kuyenda zochepa cruciate mitsempha, pamene pocheza kunja kayendedwe, ndi matalikidwe pa okha ndi mbedza.

menisci

Matenda a bondo olowa kwa zaka zambiri akuphunzira kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya menisci komanso kuvulala nawo - ali sizachilendo.

Meniscus - ndi triangular mbale chichereŵechereŵe, unakhuthala kunja (zinaphatikizidwa kwa articular kapisozi) loyang'ana mkati mwa olowa nalongosola. Kuchokera pamwamba ali concave, flattened pansi. Pa m'mbali kunja kwa thunthu la m'mbali cham'mwamba mwa mobwerezabwereza condyles tibial.

The meniscus lateral kumaoneka ngati mbali ya bwalo ndi kachigawo woboola pakati medial anati.

Akhomere cartilaginous kutsogolo mbale amapezeka (kudzera yopingasa Mitsemphayi bondo) ndi kubwerera ku tibia (intercondylar okwera).

makodi Major

Mwachidule thunthu la bondo nthawizonse limafotokoza cruciate Mitsemphayi (zapambuyo ndi zapambuyo), zomwe zili mwachindunji mu bondo. Iwo amatchedwa Mitsemphayi intracapsular.

Komanso iwo olowa ndi lateral ina (medial ndi lateral). Iwo amatchedwa Mitsemphayi vnekapsulnymi, ngati iwo ali kunja kapisozi olowa.

Vnekapsulnye mitsempha anapereka tibial ndi fibular ina mitsempha. Iwo anayamba ndi medial ndi lateral epicondyle wa femur ndi Ufumuyo kwa epiphysis chapamwamba tibia ndi pamwamba kunja kwa fibula ndi, motero. Onse olumikiza kapisozi olowa.

Intracapsular mitsempha, zapambuyo ndi zapambuyo cruciate chiyambi padziko lamkati la lateral ndi medial femoral condyle, kupita patsogolo ndi mkati (kunsi mkati), ali wokwera pa kutsogolo ndi munda kumbuyo kwa tibia ndi, motero.

kuchirikiza mitsempha

Topographic thunthu la bondo olowa kuwonjezera pa kwapakati pa-articular ndi owonjezera articular Mitsemphayi, ndi maphunziro ena.

Patellar tendon mitsempha wotchedwa 4 mutu ntchafu minofu, umene umabwera kuchokera pamwamba pansi, akupita ku patella ndi, amaivundikira kumbali zonse ndipo amawachitira pansi kwa tibia lapansi. The lateral tendon mitolo ali mbali ndi mutu wa patella kwa medial ndi condyle lateral wa tibia lapansi. Iwo apanga akunja ndipo mkati kuchirikiza mitsempha patellar.

Mu Mitsemphayi akuthandiza wa patella pali yopingasa matabwa, omwe amagwira kwa epicondyle wa femur lapansi. Ntchito akuthandiza Mitsemphayi - akugwira patella mu malo.

Chimachititsa kapisozi olowa zimakhazikika ndi oblique popliteal mitsempha. Umayamba kwa condyle wa tibia ndi Ufumuyo kwa condyle wa femur, kupereka kapisozi anzake a matabwa a. Gulu watenga mbali milimo ya ntchafu minofu tendons, ndicho mnofu semimembranosus.

The arcuate popliteal mitsempha ndi kulowerera kusunga patella. Umayamba kwa femur ndi fibula, ndipo zaikidwa tibial lapansi. Mtolo ndi limayamba komanso limatha pa condyle lateral.

Ofananira meniscus bondo mitsempha zikugwirizana padziko awo kutsogolo.

Front meniskobedrennaya mitsempha limachokera ku gawo zapambuyo wa meniscus medial, ayenera kukhala ndi outwards kwa lateral femoral condyle.

Kumbuyo meniskobedrennaya mitsempha limachokera ku zapambuyo m'mphepete kunja meniscus ayenera m'mwamba mkati kwa medial femoral condyle.

Condylar bondo ntchito olowa monga ginglymoid kukhala mu malo unbent. Matenda a bondo olowa amalola kuti atembenuza pa olamulira ofukula mu malo wopindidwa.

olowa kapisozi

The kapisozi articular amamangiriridwa onse atatu mafupa nawo mapangidwe olowa.

Ndi ubwenzi femoral amapezeka pansi epicondyle, kuti tibial wa - padziko olowa wa patella kwa - pamodzi pamwamba articular.

Kakhungu Synovial chimakwirira pamwamba kulumikiza ku fupa ndi chichereŵechereŵe mizere cruciate Mitsemphayi. Kuwonjezera pa dongosolo yosalala nembanemba ndi ndipamene kuchuluka villi synovial ndi makutu.

Ambiri anayamba makutu - ndi phiko. Iwo ali mbali ya patella wa m'mwamba. Ndipo ali pakati pa mapepala awo podnadkolennikovoe thupi mafuta.

Podnadkolennikovaya synovial plica ndi pansipa fupa, ndi kupitiriza kwa makutu phiko woboola pakati. Zimachokera pamwamba patella, ndi M'mimbamo limodzi ndi Ufumuyo m'mphepete kutsogolo kwa dzenje, pakati pa condyles wa femur lapansi.

Synovial bondo m'malo matumba: thunthu ndi kapangidwe

Kapisozi bondo olowa synovial mitundu matumba angapo. Iwo akhoza kukhala mu malo osiyana a minofu ndi tendons, Kunama mkati ndi pakati pawo. Bursa kukhala pakati mafupa ndi Mitsemphayi.

Tendon 4 mutu ntchafu minofu ndi zapambuyo padziko patella pamodzi kupanga podsuhozhilnuyu prepatellar thumba.

Mtolo patella ndi tibia pamodzi kupanga kwambiri suprapatellaris bursa. Nthawi zina ali kugwirizana kwa bondo olowa M'mimbamo olekanitsidwa ndi wosanjikiza mafuta.

Ndi bursae waukulu wa bondo olowa.

Tsekwe phazi la bondo: thunthu ndi malo

Ntchito zimene zimachitika pa bondo pali minofu, ungathe kugawidwa malinga ndi malo awo:

• Kutsogolo kwa ntchafu - minofu quadriceps.
• Hamstring - kukongola, semitendinosus, semimembranous.
• Mumtima ntchafu - lalikulu, ang'onoang'ono, yaitali, yaifupi adductors, Chisa minofu.

Shin ndi malo wokwera 3 femoris - zosokasoka, semitendinosus zitani. Pa nthawi imeneyi, ndipo anapanga tsekwe phazi, pamene bursa ili.

Kuvulala bondo olowa

Bondo choipa - chodabwitsa sizachilendo. Pofuna oterewa chifukwa cha ululu olowa, dokotala nthawi zambiri amawaika Kujambula. Matenda a bondo (mafupa, Mitsemphayi, minofu, mitsempha, ndi zina zotero. D.) Kuonekera chithunzi, amene adzaona chifukwa chiyani nkhawa.

Nthawi zambiri ndi choipa bondo kupeza othamanga, komanso ndi amene amagwira ntchito kumaphatikizapo ntchito yadzaoneni. Pofuna kuchepetsa kufala kwa bondo choipa olowa, muyenera nthawi zonse kulimbikitsa minofu ndi Mitsemphayi. Kuchita Zochita yosavuta Zochita limodzi nthawi zonse kumwa vitamini-mchere maofesi. zonsezi zonse kuthandiza kulimbikitsa bondo olowa ndi minofu, moti kusuntha.