Kapangidwe mkati zapoizoni lapansi. Luso moyo zokwawa

Zokwawa ndi mwadongosolo kalasi ya nyama peresenti, womwenso 9.400 mitundu, zikubweretsa pansi, osachepera theka-m'madzi moyo. M'nkhani ino tikukambirana kapangidwe mkati ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya nyama zokwawa, komanso tione ena mwa zinthu kugwirizana ndi zimasintha zachilengedwe.

Mafupa ndi minofu zapoizoni

Mosiyana achule, zokwawa msana ali ndi dongosolo n'kovuta ndipo imakhala ndi khomo lachiberekero, thoracic, lumbar, sacral ndi caudal dera. Thoracic vertebrae ogwirizana ndi nthiti ndi kupanga thorax. Ndi kwina njoka, koma msana wawo lili mpaka 500 vertebrae. Mu abuluzi, mosiyana ndi njoka, komanso anayamba pachifuwa, ndi mchira msana ndi osiyana: kuchokera vertebrae caudal ndi wosanjikiza chichereŵechereŵe minofu, ndi mosavuta anawonongedwa. Zimenezi amatchedwa autotomy. Zili ndi phindu ndi zoteteza: nyama akapulumuka kwa mano chilombo, kutaya mbali ya mchira wake. Dongosolo akulu mu zokwawa imavuta kwambiri.

Zimenezi zikugwira koposa zonse, thoracic minofu intercostal nawo kupuma. patsogolo chidwi wakhala mandibular minofu, ndi minofu ya miyendo yakumbuyo mu zokwawa zotere abuluzi ndi ng'ona. Anatomically zovuta kwambiri dongosolo mkati zapoizoni (onani gome pansipa) chifukwa cha aromorphoses ndipo zimasintha kuti chikanachitika mu zinthu zimenezi pa kusanduka.

ziwalo magazi

Zovuta za bungwe zokwawa akhudza ndi dongosolo mtima. Kupitiriza kufufuza mkati ndi kunja Kapangidwe ka zokwawa ndi, kuganizira mbali zake ndi ofanana magazi njira kagayidwe kachakudya. zokwawa kagayidwe zochepa amadalira kutentha yozungulira kuposa achule. Komabe, nyama zokwawa, komanso achule ngati ndi zamoyo poikilothermic, ndipo ali ndi kutentha akadakwanitsira mu uthunthu - 22 + 38 madigiri +. mowa zokwawa mphamvu poyerekeza wa achule. Ichi ndi chifukwa zovuta kuchuluka kwa kapangidwe ka mtima, komanso tsankho kulekana mmenemo kufalitsa wolumikizira ndi magazi venous. Features ya kapangidwe mkati mwa zokwawa, ndi gome chomwe chili m'munsimu amasonyeza kuti zokwawa ndi makope awiri. kachitidwe kawo magazi ndi chatsekedwa, pali mu mtima wa kugawa chosakwanira, zomwe kwathunthu inamera ng'ona, kusunga dzenje pakati kumanzere ndi kumanja.

Waukulu magazi limba tichipeza atria awiri ndi ventricle. magazi wolumikizira Akusonkhanitsa kumtunda ventricle, nalowa izo kwa atrium kumanzere ndi venous - kumanja. Choncho, m'munsi bwino kasakaniza yamitsempha yamagazi magazi. Pa systole, magazi mpweya akankhidwira lamanja kung'ambika Chipilala. Obwerawa magazi kuyambira kumbali yakumanja ya ventricle kumanzere akulowa Chipilala kung'ambika, ndi venous - kuchokera theka pansi - womwe ndi mtsinje m'mapapo mwanga. Ngakhale poona dongosolo mkati mwa zokwawa, ndi awiri nkhani za kufalitsidwa zokhudza zonse, m'pofunika kuganizira kuti akhoza kukhala palokha monga wolumikizira ndi magazi venous ali osokonezeka mu dorsal msempha.

zokwawa m'chiuno impso

Kapangidwe mkati zapoizoni za amakhala ndi kuwonjezeka Kuvuta mu kapangidwe ka munthu kachitidwe ŵa - excretion, ndi chitukuko cha metanephric - m'chiuno impso. Iwo ili mbali ventral wa beseni mbali zonse za cloaca, ndi kulumikiza ndi izo kupyolera ureters lapansi. Palinso chikhodzodzo. Njoka ndi ng'ona izo anatomically bwino kumatanthauza. Mankhwala zokwawa kuwombola, mosiyana ndi nyama popanda urea pano, ndi asidi uric.

Kodi chimbudzi

zokwawa ambiri carnivores, ngakhale zokwawa monga buluzi mwamsanga, kamba steppe, ndiponso kudyetsa zomera. Mwa kuphunzira dongosolo mkati mwa zokwawa, ndi bwino kuti chubu m'mimba angapo mbali morphological kugwirizana ndi zovuta wonse wa bungwe. Kotero, iwo anapanga m'kamwa sekondale. Iwo aumbike mwa mafupa kudzalekanitsa M'mimbamo m'kamwa ku ndime nasopharyngeal kutsegula mu mmero nyuzi formations - sekondale choanae. M'matumbo ndi zokwawa adzawonekera cecum. M'mimba zopangitsa: chiwindi ndi kapamba, kutulutsa michere ndi ya ndulu emulsifies lipids. Mpanda wa kum'mero ndi m'mimba ndi akulu ndi wandiweyani, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa mitundu, kumeza chakudya lonse (mwachitsanzo, njoka) kapena zidutswa lalikulu (ng'ona). M'mabukhu sukulu ya zamoyo, kuphunzira dongosolo mkati zapoizoni (kalasi 7), muli zambiri mfundo zosangalatsa zokhudza katundu chokwawa. Mwachitsanzo, ng'ona ndi akamba mwina nyama yaitali zonse peresenti popanda chakudya, njala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Pakuti yachibadwa chimbudzi njoka muyenera kutentha yozungulira osati m'munsi 22 - 25 ° C, mwinamwake zithe zopangitsa m'mimba kubala michere, ndi chakudya kuwameza lonse, osati m'mimba ndi kuyamba kuvunda mmimba, imbaenda ku poyizoni ndi imfa ya nyama.

mayendedwe amoyo

Kupitiriza kuphunzira dongosolo mkati ndi luso moyo zokwawa, tifotokoza kusintha nyengo mu ontogeny awo. Iwo chifukwa kusinthasintha mu kutentha idioadaptatsy (tsiku ndi cyclicity nyengo). Mwachitsanzo, chapakati pa kasupe zokwawa kutsogolera moyo yogwira, kuyambira masana, pamene nthaka ndi mpweya mokwanira kutenthetsa.

Mu July - oyambirira August, ambiri a nyama ndi achangu m'mawa kapena madzulo, ndipo masana iwo kugwera mu khalidwe la mpumulo. M'nyengo yozizira mu M'madera a zitunda kotentha zokwawa zimabisala kubisala mphako, tizibowo kapena pansi pa mizu ya mitengo. Estivation khalidwe la mitundu ya nyama zokwawa, amene pa nthawi ino, chosowa chakudya.

Molting mu zokwawa

Cyclically amapezeka mu nyama ndi ndondomeko molting - kusintha khungu youma ataphimbidwa ndi kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke kapena mamba tentha mthupi. Komanso zimadalira kutentha yozungulira. Njoka ndi abuluzi molt uli wathunthu, mu nkhani iyi, kusintha kwa khungu lonse, wotchedwa Nightcrawlers. Mu ng'ona nthawi exfoliated mamba payekha - osteoderms. Mu akamba exfoliate m'madera khungu kuti si kutetezedwa korapaksom ndi m'madzi molt nkomwe noticeable.

chokwawa kubalana

Mwa njira ozungulira mu nyama ndipo amatanthauza ntchito ubereki, chomwenso ndi malamulo ndi kutentha yozungulira. Samalani peculiarities wa kapangidwe mkati zapoizoni lapansi. Gome pansipa, chikutsimikizira kuti zokwawa ndi nyama dioecious, amene yodziwika ndi umuna mkati.

Pambuyo pake, zazikazi kuikira mazira anaphimba abuluzi, akamba ndi njoka leathery chipolopolo, ndi ng'ona iye laimu. Ena zokwawa, monga adder, kuswa mazira mkati thupi. Kuwala Zikuoneka kuti pups 12, amene yomweyo anayamba kutha. dongosolo Male ubereki umaimiridwa ndi testes wophatikizidwa, vas deferens ndi volfovyh njira kupita mu cloaca lapansi. zazikazi ndi awiri ambiri m'mimba. Jajtceprovoda kukhala mabowo nyuzi woboola m'gulu cloaca lapansi.

mantha dongosolo ndi ziwalo m'lingaliro

Kapangidwe mkati zapoizoni siikanati wathunthu popanda kuphunzira innervation ziwalo ndi ntchito za analyzers lapansi. ubongo ali ndi dongosolo zovuta.

Associative malo kotekisi kupereka chitukuko cha bongo wabwino wa dongosolo. ziwalo kuona, kumva, kununkhiza, kukhudza mokwanira otukuka. Njoka ndi ena abuluzi, monga m'ngalande, pali parietal diso, umene uli thupi photosensitive.