Mankhwala katundu wa zamchere padziko zitsulo. Kugwiritsira ntchito zitsulo zapadziko lapansi zamchere. Thupi la alkaline lapansi zitsulo

Taganizirani za katundu wa zamchere padziko lapansi zitsulo. Fotokozani zochitika za mawonekedwe awo, kupeza, kupeza mu chilengedwe, ntchito.

Udindo mu PS

Choyamba, ife tikudziwa malo a zinthu izi mu dongosolo la perikudi ya Mendeleyev. Iwo ali mu gulu lachiwiri la magulu akuluakulu. Amaphatikizapo calcium, strontium, radium, barium, magnesium, beryllium. Onse a iwo ali kunja kwa msinkhu wa mphamvu ali ndi magetsi awiri a valence. Kawirikawiri, beryllium, magnesium ndi alkaline lapansi zitsulo zili ndi ma electron ns2 kunja. Mu mankhwala mankhwala, iwo amasonyeza dziko la okosijeni la +2. Pogwirizana ndi zinthu zina, amasonyeza zinthu zobwezeretsa, kupereka ma electron kuchokera ku mphamvu ya kunja.

Sinthani katundu

Pamene phokoso la atomu likuwonjezeka, zitsulo za magnesiamu ndi zamchere zimalimbikitsa zitsulo zawo, monga mafunde a maatomu awo akuwonjezeka. Tiyeni tione za thupi la zamchere padziko lapansi zitsulo. Beryllium mmalo mwake kawirikawiri ndi chitsulo cha imvi ndi chitsulo chachitsulo. Ili ndi lateni yowonjezereka ya kristalo. Akakumana ndi mpweya wa m'mlengalenga, beryllium nthawi yomweyo imapanga filimu ya okusayidi, chifukwa cha mankhwala ake amachepetseratu, mapuloteni amatha kupangidwa.

Thupi

Magesizi ngati chinthu chophweka ndi chitsulo choyera chimene chimapanga chophimba cha oksidi pamlengalenga. Ili ndi malo ozungulira a crystal.

Maonekedwe a zitsulo za calcium, alangizi, strontium ndi ofanana. Zili zitsulo zomwe zimakhala ndi sheen, zomwe zimakhala ndi filimu yachikasu yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi mpweya wa mpweya. Mu calcium ndi strontium, nsalu yotchinga nkhope, barium ili ndi thupi.

Chemistry ya alkaline padziko lapansi zitsulo zimachokera pa kuti iwo ali ndi chitsulo cha chigwirizanocho. N'chifukwa chake amasiyana ndi magetsi akuluakulu komanso kutentha kwapadera. Kutentha kwa kusungunuka kwawo ndi kuwira kuli kwakukulu kuposa kwa miyala ya alkali.

Njira zopezera

Kupangidwa kwa beryllium mu mafakitale akuchitidwa ndi kuchepetsa chitsulo kuchokera ku fluoride. Mkhalidwe wa mankhwala awa ndikutentha.

Popeza kuti zitsulo zapadziko lapansi zamchere zimakhala ngati mapangidwe, kuti apange magnesium, strontium, calcium electrolysis ya mchere wawo.

Chemical katundu

The mankhwala katundu wa zamchere padziko zitsulo akugwirizana ndi kufunika kwa oyambirira kuchotsa odididi filimu wosanjikiza kuchokera pamwamba. Ndi iye yemwe amachititsa kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachitsulo kuti amwe madzi. Calcium, barium, strontium pa kutayika m'madzi mawonekedwe a hydroxides, omwe amatchula zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

The mankhwala katundu wa zamchere padziko lapansi zitsulo zimasonyeza kugwirizana kwawo ndi mpweya. Kwa barium zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi peroxide, kwa ena onse atatha kupanga oxides. Kwa onse oimira makina amenewa amapanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri, kokha kwa berylliamu oksidi amphoteric zimakhala zofanana.

Mankhwala amchere a alkaline lapansi zitsulo amasonyezanso mwa momwe amachitira ndi sulfure, halo, ndi nayitrogeni. Muzochita ndi zidulo, kusungunuka kwa zinthu izi kumachitika. Popeza kuti beryllium imatanthauzira amphoteric elements, imatha kupanga mankhwala ndi mankhwala a alkali.

Zotsatira zoyenera

Zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zitsulo zamchere zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito palimodzi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi salt. Kuti muzindikire nthumwi za kalasiyi mukusakaniza ndi zinthu zina, mungagwiritse ntchito tanthauzo la khalidwe. Pamene salt ya zamchere padziko lapansi imayambira mu ng'anjo ya nyali ya mowa, maonekedwe a lamoto ndi cations amawonedwa. Mphunzi wamtunduwu umapangitsa mthunzi wofiira wakuda, mchere wa calcium ndi lalanje, ndipo chumbo la barium ndi mau obiriwira.

Pofuna kudziwa kuti basamu ikuyendetsedwa bwanji, sulphate anions amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa cha izi, white barium sulphate imapangidwira, yomwe imakhala yosakanikirana ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka.

Radium ndi gawo la radioactive, lomwe m'chilengedwe liri ndi zing'onozing'ono. Magetsi akamagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mpweya, amawoneka ngati kuwala. Ndondomekoyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yojambula muzipinda zakuda. Tsopano kuphulika kwa magnesium kwatengedwa m'malo ndi magetsi. Beryllium ndi yazitsulo zamchere zamchere, zomwe zimachita ndi mankhwala ambiri. Calcium ndi magnesium zili ofanana ndi aluminium, zimatha kukonza zitsulo zosawerengeka monga titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium. Njira zimenezi zopangira zitsulo zimatchedwa calciothermia ndi magnesium.

Zochita Zothandiza

Kodi ntchito yazitsulo zapadziko lapansi zamchere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji? Calcium ndi magnesium zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zowonongeka ndi zitsulo zosakhala zachilendo.

Mwachitsanzo, magnesium imapezeka mu duraluminium, ndipo calcium ndi gawo la mapuloteni oyendetsera ntchito omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zamtambo ndi zimbalangondo. Zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito majini. Limu losatha (calcium oksidi) ndi zopsereza magnesium (magnesium oxide) zimafunikira pa ntchito yomanga.

Pamene kugwirizana ndi calcium oksidi madzi akupezeka, kutentha kwakukulu kumatulutsidwa. Limu lamchere (calcium hydroxide) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga. Msuzi woyera wa mankhwalawa (mkaka wa laimu) amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani a shuga kuti azitsuka mchere wa beet.

Mchere wa mankhwala a gulu lachiwiri

Mankhwala a magnesium, beryllium, alkaline padziko lapansi amatha kupezeka mwa kugwirizana ndi zidulo za oxides. Chlorides, fluorides, iodides ya zinthu izi ndizoyera zamtundu wa crystalline zinthu, makamaka zimasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi. Pakati pa sulfates kokha magnesium ndi beryllium mankhwala amakhala solubility. Pali kuchepa kwa mchere wa beryllium kupita ku sulfata za barium. Ma carbonates amakhala osasungunuka m'madzi kapena alibe kuchepa.

Sulphides wa zinthu zamchere zamchere padziko lapansi pang'onopang'ono ali ndi zitsulo zolemera. Ngati muwatumizira kuwala, mukhoza kupeza mitundu yosiyana. Sulphide imaphatikizidwanso mu mapangidwe a mankhwala ofunika, otchedwa phosphors. Ikani mitundu iyi kuti muyambe kujambula kowala, zizindikiro za msewu.

Zida zamadzimadzi zomwe zimapezeka padziko lapansi

Calcium carbonate ndi chinthu chofala kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mankhwala monga miyala yamagazi, marble, choko. Zina mwa izo, limestone ndilo ntchito yaikulu. Mchere uwu ndi wofunika kwambiri pomanga, umatengedwa ngati mwala wokometsetsa. Kuonjezerapo, kuchokera ku chigawochi, maulendo ofulumira komanso owala, magalasi, ndi simenti amapangidwa.

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa miyala yowonongeka kumathandiza kulimbitsa misewu, ndipo chifukwa cha ufa, nthaka ya acidity ingachepetse. Choko chachilengedwe ndi chigoba cha nyama zakale kwambiri. Mgwirizanowu umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mphira, mapepala, kapangidwe ka makrayoni a sukulu.

Marble amafunidwa pakati pa okonza mapulani, ojambula zithunzi. Zinachokera ku miyala ya marble kuti zambiri zamoyo za Michelangelo zinalengedwa. Chigawo china cha malo ozungulira mzinda wa Moscow chili ndi miyala ya marble. Magnesium carbonate mu mabuku ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga njerwa, simenti, galasi. Ndikofunika mu malonda a metallurgical kuchotsa miyala yakuwononga.

Sulphate ya sulfate, yomwe ili m'chilengedwe monga gypsum (calcium sulphate crystal hydrate), imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito yomangamanga. Mu mankhwala, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apange, komanso kupanga mapuloteni.

Alabaster (madzi ozungulira madzi) pamene kugwirizana ndi madzi kumapangitsa kutentha kwakukulu. Izi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu makampani.

Mchere wa Chingerezi (magnesium sulphate) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mankhwala monga mankhwala ophera mankhwala. Thupili liri ndi kulawa kowawa, limapezeka m'madzi a m'nyanja.

"Barite phala" (barium sulphate) sichitha m'madzi. Ndichifukwa chake mchere uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa X-ray diagnostic. Mchere umachedwetsa X-ray, yomwe imakuthandizani kudziwa matenda a m'mimba.

Mu maonekedwe a phosphorites (rock) ndi apatites kumeneko ndi calcium phosphate. Amafunikira pokonzekera mankhwala a kashiamu: oxides, hydroxides.

Calcium imathandiza kwambiri pa zamoyo. Ndi chitsulo chomwe chili chofunika kwambiri pomanga mafupa. Mafuta a calcium ndi ofunikira kuyang'anira ntchito ya mtima, kuwonjezera magazi coagulability. Kuperewera kwake kumayambitsa chisokonezo mu ntchito ya manjenje, kutayika kwa coagulation, kutayika kwa luso la manja kuti azigwira zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Pofuna kupewa matenda, munthu ayenera kudya pafupifupi magalamu 1.5 a calcium tsiku lililonse. Vuto lalikulu ndilo kuti thupi lizipeza 0.06 magalamu a calcium, munthu ayenera kudya 1 gramu ya mafuta. Mtengo wambiri wa chitsulo uwu uli mu saladi, parsley, kanyumba tchizi, tchizi.

Kutsiliza

Onse oimira gulu lachiwiri la gulu lalikulu la tebulo la periodic ndilofunikira pa moyo ndi ntchito za munthu wamakono. Mwachitsanzo, magnesium ndiyo yomwe imayambitsa njira zamagetsi m'thupi. Ziyenera kupezeka m'magazi amanjenje, magazi, mafupa, chiwindi. Magnesium ndi yogwira nawo ntchito komanso zithunzi za zomera, popeza ndi mbali ya chlorophyll. Mafupa aumunthu ali pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu pa zolemera zonse. Zili ndi calcium ndi magnesium. Mavitamini, ma salt alkaline padziko lapansi amchere amapeza ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomangamanga, mankhwala ndi mankhwala.