Malangizo waukulu wa nzeru za m'ma 19 ndi zikamera wa positivism

Ngati tikambirana mbali yaikulu ya nzeru ano, ndi mmodzi mwa malo kwambiri chitukuko cha chidziwitso nthanthi akugwirizira positivism. Pamaso kutembenukira kwa kusanthula chiphunzitso nzeru zaumunthu, zisonyeze chiyambi cha zimene anapanga maziko a azimuth ichi, chimene ankaimba ndi n'chofunikira kwambiri kumvetsa dziko.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ambiri ndithu irrationalist nzeru, zomwe limanenedwa ngati umene wafala wa Kuphunzira mosadziŵa, ya chifuniro cha chibadwidwe, zopanda chilungamo. Kuweta chuma chidziwitso irrationalism ananena nemyslitelnye mbali - adzatero, kumverera, yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale. Mosalephera mu mndandanda wa magwero a irrationalists chidziwitso kudzipatula chikomokere, lachinsinsi zounikira, amene Schopenhauer - mmodzi wa oimira wotchuka kwambiri umenewu - analengeza zambiri ndiyekhayo chidziwitso.

pofuna kukwaniritsa nzeru, makamaka sayansi zachilengedwe yasonyeza zofooka za njira zopanda nzeru, kulephera ake amagwira ntchito yomanga ya nthawi yokwanira dziko la sayansi. Sitinathe kuthetsa mavuto kudziwa ndi akatswiri ndi zochita chachikulu nzeru, amene anapanga pafupifupi imodzi ndi irrationalism. Philosophy a moyo, monga chiphunzitso nzeru zaumunthu, mosakayikira zinthu zosangalatsa mawu poganizira za anthu ndiponso anthu uthunthu wake ndi mphamvu. Koma amazembera mu zopanda nzeru pankhani kupeza zimayambitsa amene chingalimbikitse munthu kanthu. Oimira asayansi amakhulupirira kuti moyo - ndi wachisokonezo mtsinje amene alibe kufunika cholinga, ndipo, kotero, kulankhula za malamulo aliyense wa cognition, monga gawo la moyo weniweniwo, izo zimapangitsa sazindikira.

Hermeneutics anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha njira ya sayansi, makamaka pa nkhani zokhudza njira kuphunzira malemba ndi kumasulira kwawo. Koma apa, ife tinapeza mphamvu ya zopanda nzeru - mudziwe chilichonse chofunika zikufotokozedwa monga njira yodziwira kuli ake nkhani wotanthauzira. Mawu, wotanthauzira akutanthauzira mbiri ndi chenicheni pa maziko a kumvetsa zawo.

Chotero nzeru zofunika kutha 19 - chiyambi cha m'ma existentialism 20 ndi subjectivity, psychoanalysis chidziwitso dera yekha lankhosa pokhala kunja kwa munthu wokhalapo, mu maphunzirowa umene angaone yokha, kapena ngati m'njira zina.

A yojambula kwambiri pothetsa mavuto a mavuto nthanthi ndi zikamera ndi kukula kwa mfundo za positivism. Udindo kuyambira zolimbitsa thupi ndi mawu za fallacy modalira mfundo za sayansi chidziwitso, malinga kale mbali yaikulu ya nzeru. Positivism amanena zoona - monga Gwero lokhalo woona wa nzeru, pamene kutchula zinthu zimenezi ayenera kwathunthu Achotsa ndi katundu pafupifupi ndipo anatsimikizira ndi njira komanso (njira yotsimikiza).

Woyambitsa wa mumaganiza za positivist nthanthi imatengedwa ndi French lotanthauzira mawu Ogyust Kont, amene walowa mbiri ya lingaliro la sayansi monga woyambitsa wa Chaanthu monga sayansi m'lingaliro tingachipeze powerenga za makhalidwe abwino. Asanabwere ake, positivism wopyoza magawo anayi zikuluzikulu chitukuko. Izi - chimodzi mwa zinthu zimasiyanitsa positivism, ngati ena mwa malangizo chachikulu cha nzeru masiku ano sakanakhoza kupulumuka pansi matalala zotsutsa, ndi zoona, inasanduka chiphunzitso akutsutsa, positivism anapeza chuma ndi luso latsopano methodological zifukwa mfundo zake zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Baibulo tingachipeze powerenga za positivism oyambirira akhala adamfunsa mogwirizana ndi kukula mofulumira sayansi zachilengedwe, iwo anali wokongola mwamsanga otsutsa kusintha malamulo ndi Mach ndi Avenarius. Machism wachiwiri mbiri mawonekedwe positivism, zomwe mu malo oyamba pali zinachitikira yapadera. N'chifukwa chake zikuchikazi ali dzina lina - Empiric. Komanso pali kale ndipamene nzeru positivist monga Wachiwiri ndi postpositivism, nthumwi otchuka amene anali Carnap, B. Russell, Popper, kuyamba kuphunzira methodological ndondomeko chidziwitso kwathunthu pachiyambi.

Mwachitsanzo, Wachiwiri ankakhulupirira kuti nzeru yaikulu ya malangizo ankafuna makamaka zomveka kusanthula njira za sayansi zimene ndiyo njira yaikulu kupeza mfundo zodalirika. Postpositivists anaposa, nkhani chidwi awo anali nkhani ya zikamera wa chidziwitso ongolankhula, vuto la kuuzidwa ndi asayansi ndi wadziwiratu. Postpositivism zambiri amakhulupirika kwa nzeru ndi udindo wake mu cognition.

Zofunika kwambiri kupambana postpositivism - kulungamitsa kupanda zowongolera kuvomerezedwa ayese kudalirika kwa kuthekera kwa sayansi. Ndizoonekeratu ku mfundo imeneyi zofunika zokhudza chitukuko cha sayansi yamakono - ndi mu chitukuko cha zokwera ndi zotsika, koma malangizo onse mwachindunji kwa kusintha kwa sayansi.